Death Free Essays

Explanatory Essay of Donald Halls’ â€Å"A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails† Donald Halls’ â€Å"A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails† is an emblematic introduction of the rot of New Hampshire the writer utilizes the life of Washington Woodward to show the trivial presence that is knowledgeable about a spot as inert as New Hampshire. He utilizes the complexity of his own conclusion and the convictions of Woodward to show how sooner or later it is difficult to get away from a silly mentality. Washington discovers satisfaction in disposed of relics, for example, old nails, and wood, and discovers straightforward euphoria in basic life. We will compose a custom paper test on Demise or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now He chose life, in his inert town and went through his time on earth with his creatures, his accounts, his convictions and his container of â€Å"A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails. †(Hall) In the initial passage of Donald Halls’ work â€Å"A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails† the storyteller of the exposition expresses that â€Å"[he] was consistently mindful that New Hampshire was more dead than alive. † (Hall 252) The rot of New Hampshire as a town was emblematically introduced in the examination with Washington Woodward and his unexpectedly futile life. The creator utilizes symbolism to delineate the futile life that was driven by Woodward. The article puts a great deal of weight on the expression â€Å"a hundred thousand fixed nails† anyway the expression that conveys this exposition and depicts the pictures that the writer needed to be conveyed is â€Å"string too short to even think about being saved†. The incongruity of the sentences attracts the peruser and makes the peruser consider precisely what is being expressed. Envision a crate, marked â€Å"String Too Short to Be Saved†, time was placed into making or finding that container, time was placed into naming the case, and more exertion once more was depleted to gather the strings, all to be placed into a case, plainly expressing that what was in the case had no reason at all. Woodwards’ life resembled a case of strings that nobody truly required. Lobby utilizes Washington to depict his dread of some time or another getting as dead as the man that he was portraying. â€Å"He had lived alone†¦worked hard for his entire life at acting naturally, yet there were no standards to inspect when his life was finished. † (Hall ___) Washington never allowed himself to begin to look all starry eyed at, or experience parenthood, â€Å"the possibly time Washington at any point indicated sentimental intrigue was the point at which a little youngster named Esther Dodge assisted at the homestead one harvest† (Hall__). Corridor is influenced yet returning to his cousins’ aimless presence since it carries him to consider himself, still unmarried at 33 years old (which he stayed for 11 additional years). Woodward was additionally one of only a handful hardly any residual family members of the creator; he was in a way a living legend for him. Washingtons’ life resembled an account, for Donald, however for the remainder of his family too. â€Å"After I had completed laughing†¦the last impact of the accounts was not comic† (Hall 253). Lobby obviously expresses that â€Å"[he] transformed Washington into an indication of the withering place† (Hall 253). New Hampshire is depicted as a concealed shell away from the materialistic world that we have made for ourselves. Corridor portrays that Washington didn't require much else for dinner than â€Å"milk and bread† (Hall __)he had no requirement for cash, it just didn't exist for him; in any event, when he put in the push to make it he would part with it, that he discovered basic things, for example, lipstick and moving a plague. An individual adhering to his promise implied more to him than cash. The life of Washington Woodward makes one wonder of what an important life is. The creator says that New Hampshire like his cousin is more dead than alive. In any case, for what reason is New Hampshire dead? For what reason is Woodwards’ life inane? Is an actual existence gone through creation cash, playing a card game, and moving, any more important than a real existence burned through fixing old nails, house preparing milk dairy animals and eating milk and bread? Corridor discusses the â€Å"disease† and â€Å"decay† that he accepts life in New Hampshire to be, in any case, he utilizes an individual to show the life of a town as opposed to clarifying why it is that the town is rotting, this shows the peruser that a rotting town has nothing to do with the real town. It is the mentality behind the individuals who occupy the town. Life can be useless anyplace whether it’s the center of New York City, or in a shack on an old nation street. Lobby portrays Washington as a youngster, and as a maturing grown-up, which gives the peruser the picture that there was no life in the middle of youthful and old. He had no spouse, he had no youngsters, no genuine activity, no genuine achievements. He carried on with a basic life, as though he was simply sitting tight for it to end. Donald states that the main thing Washington really delighted in doing was talking, which is an intriguing trademark to have for a shut off, forlorn, pessimistic man. Maybe he trusted that talking would give individuals a window into his convictions, considerations and translations. Anyway his protracted anecdotes about shooting deer and picking apples had no wise portrayal and in this way nearly all that he said was disregarded as thoughtless drivel. He makes reference to that his grandma was so acceptable at reacting to his accounts with conventional expressions, for example, â€Å"you don’t state? † that his granddad nearly accepted that she would have the option to do it in her rest. His devotions, which may have been creative†¦I felt that he was intelligent†¦but I had no proof to help my conviction†¦it’s as though there had been an ethical skeleton which had come up short on the tissue of insight and the blood of experience† (Hall 261) in this portrayal Hall delineates that all things considered his cousin could have been a brilliant, scholarly with substantial sentiments and contemplations, this inde ed demonstrates Woodward died what could have been a gainful, accommodating, rousing life on â€Å"milk and bread† his psyche and his life was not supported into the what it could have become. In this whole article Hall utilizes Washington as his picture for what not to turn into. His dread of a futile life is overpowering. He fears that a spot like New Hampshire will drain the life out of him, expel his bliss, remove his convictions and his inclinations and leave him with only time, time that should be died on negligible exercises and inconsequential interests. In end Donald Hall utilizes his translation of Washington Woodwards’ life, and his view on his withering covered away home of New Hampshire to communicate his feelings of trepidation of living a sad futile and pointless life. All through the paper he utilizes words, for example, â€Å"dying† â€Å"decaying† and â€Å"solitude† to show that the existence that was lived by Washington isn't simply the existence that he needs â€Å"†¦his signals have expected the last misuse of irrelevance† Hall needs something more than superfluity and garbage after he is gone, something more to be recollected by than only a case of strings that are too short to ever be utilized. He needs to get away from the rot of New Hampshire, get away from the rot of a real existence that was trivial. He needs to wind up with something more applicable than â€Å"A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails†. The most effective method to refer to Death, Papers

Traditional Ideologies :: essays research papers

'Customary Ideologies' The writings that we, the peruser, will in general identify with most are the writings that mirror our qualities or incorporate certain social issues of the present. Messages, for example, these are in this way usually found close to the beds, on the foot stools and in the shelves of numerous Australians. These writings, in a path go about as an indicator for qualities, and moves in values in our general public. This can be seen in numerous occurrences. For instance, take the component film 'The Castle'. The regular Australian family, the Kerrigans, spoke to in this film was not picked unintentionally. No, no they were picked on the grounds that the journalists of this film realized that ordinary Australians could identify with the Kerrigans and somehow or another see themselves in this straightforward family. The film supports numerous Australian qualities and mentalities, to which the regular Australian can identify with as well as comprehend aswell. The content goes about as a vehicle for the watcher to understand his/her own qualities and encourages the watcher to perceive the social qualities that encompass him/her. Notwithstanding, messages don't only educate the peruser regarding values present in the general public. They can likewise mirror the current move in qualities and mentalities from the prevailing philosophies. This can be seen intensely in the novel 'Cloudstreet' by Tim Winton. In this content numerous characters are believed to have fairly various jobs in the family that one would anticipate. Lester Lamb is an amazing case of this. The customary job of the man in the house is to go out and buckle down for his cash and get back home to a spouse who might bolster him and care for the house and the children. Be that as it may, Lester is depicted as a touchy man who cooks and cleans routinely aswell as assists with huge numbers of the family unit errands. He additionally appears to have no squabble with his significant other having the greater part of the power over the family unit or him doing his fair share. This is obviously a stage away from the conventional belief system of what a man should act like. This astute characterisation speaks to the move away from the conventional sexual orientation jobs that have for such a long time been authorized in our general public. Which leaves the peruser thinking, indeed, about their own qualities and the now moving estimations of the general public. This point can be additionally found in the short story 'Neighbors', which is likewise composed by Tim Winton.

All Pro Workout Faq

Fundamental POINTS THAT PEOPLE KEEP MISSING: The program utilizes STIFF LEG DEAD LIFTS! It doesn't utilize dead lifts! There are TWO warm-up sets and TWO work sets making FOUR sets for every activity altogether! You will begin with EIGHT reps of your ten rep max weight! Not ten. This program parts gains among quality and size. You increment the reps consistently, you don't build the loads until finishing a multi week cycle. Beginning WEIGHT What weight would it be advisable for me to begin with? The right beginning weight is around a 10 rep max (75% of your 1 rep maximum).If that happens to be 150 pounds then the main set would be 35 pounds and the subsequent set would be 75 pounds. At that point 2 work sets at 150 pounds. If all else fails START LIGHT! Do I utilize a similar load for each activity? NO! Each activity will be unique. Substitution EXERCISES (These should ONLY to be utilized if a physical issue forestalls you doing one of the suggested ones! ) Squat: You can sub leg pre sses or free weight squats however they suck contrasted with what hand weight squats can do. Doing squats even with an extremely low weight is desirable over some other exercise. Seat Press: ?Overhead Press: Tricep press and standing lines. SLDL: Weighted hyper expansions and hamstring twists. . GENERAL WORKOUT QUESTIONS I’m exceptionally frail. Would it be savvy to fabricate some quality before doing this program? Probably not. This program was planned in light of YOU. Does this program upgrade quality increases? This program will part the increases among size and quality. For more quality or if you’re preparing for power for a game I'd use Bill Starr's 5ãâ€"5. Do I do each of the 7 activities consistently or split them up into 3 days? You do every one of the 7 activities multiple times for every weekCan I change the request for the activities? The initial four activities ought to be done in the request I recorded them. Do the entirety of the squats then the entirety of the seat presses, etc. I didn't assemble it to be supersetted or run in a circuit. I could have however then it wouldn't be a ‘SIMPLE' learners program. In case I'm as yet sore, do I have to endure one more day to work? No, in truth after the medium work out you'll feel good and after the light work out you'll feel even better. Can an expansion the quantity of reps in the event that I get the ideal number instead of hold up until the following week? No!The purpose behind the â€Å"easy† weeks will become clear when you rehash the cycle. It has a worked in deload. By expanding the reps sooner you will slow down sooner. That implies your benefits will be sliced short since you'll need to deload to receive in return. Would i be able to utilize normal deadlifts rather than solid leg deadlifts? Try not to USE REGULAR DEAD LIFTS WITH THIS PROGRAM! The blend of substantial dead lifts and overwhelming squats in a similar work out is a catastrophe waiting to happen. The hard ened leg dead lifts are there to work lower back and ham strings with 1 exercise as opposed to separating them and adding more volume to the work out.How long would it be advisable for me to take between sets? You have to rest for a moment and a half between the work sets. It takes around 3 minutes for ATP levels to be reestablished to 100%. In around 2 minutes they're at about 90%. This program is utilizing a mix of ATP and glycogen as a fuel source that is the reason I pick the 1:30 rest. My typical routine is to do my first warm up set, change the weight and rest 30 seconds. I'll do my second warm up set, change the weight and rest 1 moment. Accomplish the main work set and for this program rest a moment and a half. Would i be able to include different activities in toward the finish of my workout?Try the exercise as it is first. Give it a possibility. Be that as it may, you may include ONE lot of pull overs or solid furnished force downs or pull ups/jaw ups. Follow the rep consp ire and the overwhelming, medium, light set up. On the off chance that that is by all accounts functioning admirably following a multi week cycle, at that point include the subsequent set. Why can’t I simply do 3 substantial exercises in seven days rather than overwhelming, medium and light? Without the overwhelming, medium, light set-up you will top out sooner and slow down sooner. Google double factor programming and you'll see better. Get the job done it to state that with inadequate rest and recuperation the program will stall.I couldn't crush out the entirety of my reps for twists on the most recent week. Does that mean I need to save the weight for each activity the equivalent for my next cycle? No! Add weight to each activity that you pass. In the above exercise, everything would push ahead however the twists. To what extent would it be advisable for me to continue accomplishing this work out? Just prop up until you quit advancing with it. Do I have to do the warm-ups? You need the warm up sets for squats, seat press, military press and twisted around columns. Warm ups for the other three are prescribed however can be sliced to spare time.CARDIO AND ABS How much cardio would it be a good idea for me to do? With a 3 times each week full body program you won’t need over 2 hours of cardio aggregate for the week. In the event that you need to mass, at that point do substantially less. Split it up anyway you need however don't do it before weight preparing. Do it on off days or after weight preparing. When would it be a good idea for me to do cardio? Do it on off days or after weight preparing. What kind of cardio would it be advisable for me to do? I use HIIT. High force interim preparing. That is only a progression of hard and fast runs and portability drills. I utilize a 40 moment, 30 moment and brief set up.The issue with moderate cardio is that you are empowering the quick and medium strands that you are weight preparing to change over to a more slow sort. It very well may be fluctuate baffling if that occurs. What stomach muscle work would it be advisable for me to do? It's a matter of what sort of gear you have and what you react to. Pull overs, pull downs and knee ups work for me. Crunches, even weighted crunches weren't as compelling for me. Normally I utilize 1 arrangement of 10-20 reps. As it were I utilize a periodized set up for them moreover. So beginning from turn out to be 1, 10, turn out to be 2, 15, turn out to be 3, 20. Include weight in the event that I can get them all.Usually only 5 pounds. Or on the other hand rehash the cycle in the event that I can't get them all. A few people need more volume then what I use however I would begin with 1 set and do them keep going or on off days. Utilizing DUMBELLS Can you use free weights? In the event that you have customizable hand weights with the goal that you can get the right weight at that point that is fine. The main issue with free weights happens when y ou can't modify the weight or when you don't have 1/4 pound plates. With the exception of squats. Hand weights won’t function admirably with squats in light of the fact that your hold will give out when you progress to heavier loads. Would i be able to do situated shoulder press instead?If conceivable you ought to do it standing. On account of a low roof or your rec center not permitting it at that point doing it situated is fine. DIET AND SUPPLEMENTS What enhancements would it be advisable for me to utilize? Try not to squander a little fortune on enchantment beans. Get a decent eating regimen plan set up and include fish oil, multi mineral/multi nutrient, creatine and a basic, essential protein powder. Start with straightforward fundamental stuff and include things as you go being mindful so as to monitor what's working for you and what isn't. Would it be a good idea for me to utilize protein shakes? Protein shakes are a brisk, helpful wellspring of nourishment and you know precisely what you're getting.They are NOT required however I would strongly suggest utilizing them post work out. 40 grams of protein and 40 grams of carbs inside an hour of finishing the work out. Is this routine appropriate for cutting? Indeed! It functions admirably on a cut since it's self rectifying. In the event that you lose a lot of solidarity during the cut the most terrible that happens is that you need to rehash the cycle a period or 2 with a similar weight. What amount would it be advisable for me to eat? This relies upon your objectives. Absolute calories: To put on weight: increase body weight in lbs by 20 To look after weight: body weight x 15 To get more fit: body weight x 10E. g. in the event that you weigh 200lbs you should focus on 3000 calories for every day to keep up that weight. 40% protein, 40% starch, 20% fat Will this standard work at all for somebody preparing various years? It isn't that it won’t work at all†¦ in light of the fact that it wi ll. Be that as it may, the pace of movement would need to be eased back down. Sooner or later you won’t have the option to increment by 10% at regular intervals. In any event you'd need to lessen that to 5% and drop it to two times seven days with 2 overwhelming exercises. Your recuperation doesn't improve as quick as your capacity to do harm.

Compensation and Benefits: Minimizing the Employee Turnover

Pay and Benefits: Minimizing the Employee Turnover Part 1 Presentation 1.1 Background of Studies Representative turnover is the most sweltering and current issue that consistently talks about by the legislature, since we are stood up to with the worldwide monetary emergency on 2008. The emergency of monetary is legitimately influenced to the enterprise, particularly the creation line and assembling organization. The surprising emergency will emerge in the representative turnover rate happened regardless of for the deliberate or automatic case and it accomplished the most noteworthy rate inside the previous 20 years in Malaysia also. Hence, other than the endeavors and estimations had been taken by the administration like gave sustention reserve to optional industry, the endeavors of managers are essential to limit the worker turnover. Then again, the development information enjoys the noteworthy of the pay and advantages bundle toward the representative and the inclination of workers toward the various sorts of the pay and advantages bundle are important to embed and imbue to all the businesses so as to hold their quality specialists. There are a few elements are legitimately affected to the worker turnover in the genuine workplace. The businesses will appreciate the advantages in the event that they figure out how to hold their representatives or limit the worker turnover issue by actualizing the fittingly pay and advantages bundle. The higher worker turnover rate is thinking about the seriously issue to a specific nation since it is completely acquiring negative impacts advancing turn of events. The representative turnover rate certainly can't be ended, however I earnestly wish that this issue can completely limit. I unequivocally accept that the remuneration and advantages ways may have the option to limit the representative turnover in the working spot. 1.2 Introduction Turnover rate is thinking about the seriously issue to a specific nation since it is completely acquiring negative impacts advancing turn of events. The worker turnover rate certainly can't be ended, however I truly wish that this issue can be completely limited. I emphatically accept that the pay and advantages ways may have the option to limit the worker turnover in the working spot. This exploration is identified with how the remuneration and advantages route in limiting the worker turnover rate. Truth be told, pay and advantages assume an imperative job in holding the workers in an association. Pay and advantages can be characterized as the procedure that taken by the Human Resource Management on each and every day like setting the principles and methods around the compensations, an immediate route as money paid and circuitous way like offered advantages to the representatives. This component is exceptionally referenced in the business contract and worried by the workers too. Then again, pay and advantages can be taken as various significance from the viewpoint of a citizen, an investor, a supervisor, or a representative. Consequently, let us perceive the importance by every point of view of the gathering. Pay and advantages can be viewed as an impression of equity in the public arena; investors are additionally keen on how workers are paid. Some accept that utilizing stock to pay workers makes a feeling of possession that will improve execution, which will, thusly, increment investor riches; for chiefs remuneration impacts their achievement in two different ways. To begin with, it is a significant cost and second is the ability to impact worker practices and to improve the associations execution; the compensation people get as an end-result of the work they perform is typically the significant wellspring of their money related security. Consequently, pay assumes a fundamental job in a people financial and social prosperity. Representatives may consider r emuneration to be an arrival in a trade between their boss and themselves, as a privilege for being a worker of the organization, or as a compensation for an occupation very much done (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). Representatives will stress more to the remuneration and advantages that give by the association or organization since they contribute their occasions, endeavors, gifts and they wish to show signs of improvement return in pay and advantages. The pay and advantages bundle for the representatives resembles the trade an incentive between the business and worker. The businesses offer the arrangement for assistance, for example, medicinal services, subordinate consideration, pay security, etc to relieve t representatives regardless of for present or future hazard. The workers contribute their endeavors so as to welcome the pay and advantages bundle that offered by the businesses. Remuneration and advantages incorporate compensation got legitimately as money (for instance: base, merit, motivators, average cost for basic items change) and in a roundabout way as advantages (for instance: benefits, clinical protection, program to assist offset with working and life requests, splendidly shaded garbs (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). These days, the workers are all the more accentuating to money remuneration yet there are still very quantities of representatives like to non-money pay like advantages. Workers may worry to what bundles have been offered by the businesses and eventually increment their self-riches. Representatives may have various inclinations towards the remuneration and advantages bundle since it takes as the inspiration device to them on the off chance that it can suit or fit to them. It is significant to all the businesses in understanding the inclinations of representatives toward the pay and advantages bundle since they are originated from different sexual orientations, strict, geographic area, and age, etc. The businesses may have the option to hold the laborers if apply the best possible pay and advantages to the workers. Workers frequently want to get a generously and reasonable remuneration and advantages bundle for their own desire since it will legitimately impact to representatives work fulfillment. Then, this factor will prompt representatives turnover in the event that they thought they didnt merit desire returns. In this way, pay and advantages is the profound information that should embed to all the representatives since it will help them to hold their laborers. Aside from that, worker turnover can be characterized as the quantity of perpetual representatives leaving the organization inside the announced period versus the quantity of genuine Active Permanent representatives on the most recent day of the past revealed period (physical headcount). The quantity of leavers, that are remembered for Employee Turnover, just incorporates regular turnover (acquiescences, end, retirement, and so forth.); it doesn't mirror any redundancies. Arranged redundancies are accounted for and clarified independently if significant for representative turnover (Laurus Nobilis, 2008). Mobley (1982) characterizes representative turnover as the basic deliberate suspension of enrollment in an association by a person who gets fiscal remuneration for partaking in that association. This definition principally centers around partition from an association as opposed to on increase, move, or other. Moreover, representative turnover can be likewise characterized as the quan tity of laborers who leave from their working environment in specific situations. All the associations will experience with the representative turnover since it is unavoidable and inescapable however sensible. Worker turnover can be sorted as willful and automatic turnover. Willful turnover happens when representatives leave the association intentionally (for example stopping); this can be appeared differently in relation to the automatic turnover, which happens when workers leaving the association without deciding to do as such (for example being terminated or laid off) (Lee, Weller, Trevor, 2008). Now and then deliberate turnover happened on the grounds that the workers want to look for more compensation, while the automatic happened when they are considered as repetitive capital. Along these lines, remuneration and advantages may have the option to impact the intentional turnover as the expense and costs will be brought about or increment if deliberate turnover occurred specifically association. The associations need to spend more expenses to give preparing and improvement and looking for the new representatives in the event that they can't hold their workers. 1.3 History In English, â€Å"compensation† implies something that balances, or compensate for something different. Be that as it may, in the event that we take a gander at the birthplace of the word in various dialects, we get a feeling of the extravagance of the importance, which consolidates qualification, return, and prize. In China, the customary characters for the word â€Å"compensation† depend on the images for logs and water; remuneration gives the necessities throughout everyday life. In the ongoing past, the state possessed all ventures and remuneration was treated as a privilege. In todays China, pay takes on a progressively unpretentious importance. Another word, dai yu, is utilized. It alludes to how you are being dealt with your wages, benefits, preparing openings, etc. At the point when individuals talk about remuneration, they get some information about the dai yu in their organizations. Instead of accepting that everybody is qualified for a similar treatment, the significance of remuneration currently incorporated a more extensive feeling of profits too privilege. â€Å"Compensation† in Japanese is kyuyo, which is comprised of two separate characters ( kyu and yo), both importance â€Å"giving something.† Kyu is an honorific used to show that the individual doing the giving is somebody of high position, for example, a primitive ruler, a sovereign, or a samurai chief. Customarily, remuneration is thought of as something has given by ones unrivaled. Today, business specialists in Japan attempt to substitute the word hou-syu, which implies â€Å"reward† and has no relationship with thoughts of bosses. The numerous remittances that are a piece of Japanese remuneration frameworks decipher as teate, which implies â€Å"taking care of something.† Teate is viewed as pay that deals with representatives monetary necessities. This idea is reliable with the family, hou

I will add the preper topic soon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

I will include the preper point soon - Essay Example turned into a completely fledged impacts office, yet when Jackson coordinated his first Hollywood-sponsored film, The Frighteners, weta had 14 workstations to produce astounding 420 advanced impacts shots.† xv. Backing from the New Zealand State for the LoTR venture figured strikingly in the naming of an assigned priest to work with the creation group, and in the New Zealand armed force outfitting strategic help and additional items, while open subsidizes bolstered PR abroad just as the repairing of the scene for the Return of the King debut in Wellington. Xvi. Lee and Howe consented to come to New Zealand, and they were at last credited as reasonable craftsmen. They provided a large number of representations and works of art to manage the planners and help make a bound together search for all exploration and activities going on in the different filmmaking divisions. Xvii. It’s a great job that on-screen character Stuart Townsend is locked in to entertainer Charlize Theron. That may very well have come as probably some encouragement for his surrendering the piece of Aragorn four days into recording, taking care of over to Viggo Mortensen following â€Å"creative differences†. Xix. Billy Boyd who plays Pippin says, â€Å"My memory of the Two Towers is truly me and Dom (Monaghan, who plays Merry) being stuck 15ft up Treebeard for two or three months. You must be bridled for security and it arrived at where you couldn’t get down for tea

Rhetorical Analysis Example to Be Inspired

Rhetorical Analysis Example to Be Inspired There a different ways of how to organize a rhetorical analysis essay. In fact, writers should be aware of the fact that formulas that offer a perfect essay format usually is outdated and used by everyone. Remember, organization of your particular writing should be completed according to the specific requirements (which are given by your teachers or supervisors) so that well-organized paper is the key to success of task. To start from the beginning, we need to define the term. In other words, we need to clarify what rhetorical analysis is. A rhetorical analysis requires you to apply your critical reading skills in order to review the parts of the text. In essence, you divide the text into “parts” from the “whole” of the piece you are asked to analyze. The goal of a rhetorical analysis is to articulate how the author writes, rather than what they actually wrote. But how to write a rhetorical analysis? While analyzing the writing, you will come across with different strategies the author uses to achieve his or her goal or purpose of writing their work. Keep in mind that writers of different disciplines often use varying writing strategies in order to achieve their goals. So you should adjust “your critique” accordingly and take into consideration that presentation of your analysis should have the same style as the author’s initial one. For example, if you are asked to perform a review the scientific work, your rhetorical analysis should be very formal and have appropriate style of presenting the results. Thus, make sure you are familiar with MLA and APA styles. On the other hand, if your task is to make a rhetorical analysis on the work done by humanities writer, then you need to use different approach by making it less formal but still informative and objective. That said, here are some general tips for making your rhetorical analysis as a spot on. Tips for making good rhetorical analysis. First of all you need to read the whole work you are about to analyze. It is an obvious thing, but some people think reading briefly or, even worse, reading some parts of the writing is enough. And they are wrong. If you follow their example, you will not be ale to see the bigger picture. You might miss the style of the author, techniques he used in the chapters of paragraphs, his sense of humor and sarcastic notes in writing. All in all, critical reading is the first step in a rhetorical analysis which will make it full and objective. Secondly, to make real rhetorical analysis you need to ask yourself the following questions: What is the overall argument the author presents? What is the writer’s purpose: to inform or to persuade the reader? What kind of writing techniques the author used: his word choice, the way he arranged the writing, how informative, accurate and convincing the writing was. How grammatically correct the author was? Did he use punctuation to create an effect? For the third, you need to note your observations. The good practice here is to write an outline for it and then proceed with creating your own rhetorical thesis, thinking of rhetorical strategies (which are appropriate for the work) to use, then to structure your analysis in a proper way and make the strong summarization and conclusion for it. And the last, forth point is to shape your rhetorical analysis, edit and proofread it. As with all academic writing, check for grammar, transitional ease, fluidity, and a logical argument. Edit for clarify if needed and proofread for mechanical errors. Rhetorical strategies Another important step in making your rhetorical analysis successful and objective is to define the rhetorical strategies, what they mean, and how to analyze them critically. Thus, we selected few quotes of rhetorical analysis essay example and put in under each strategy description. Please fine the below. EXEMPLIFICATION You need to provide the examples or cases in point. For example, let’s use the citation: “Almost 70 percent of Search Engine market has been acquired by Google.” If your strategy is exemplification, then you need to make sure that statistic presented here is correct and in up-to-date state, you need to check the source of information used to get this data and check its reliability. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST It is called for revealing and discussing similarities and differences. For example, let’s use the citation: ”Similary to the topics such as nationality versus race, culture versus society, nowadays, gender, ethnicity, and race questions often overlap so it is very hard to distinct between those terms.” In your rhetorical analysis you need to make sure the author evaluate those terms and states its similarities and differences. STYLE, TONE, AND VOICE The attitude a writer takes towards a subject or character: serious, humorous, sarcastic, ironic, satirical, tongue-in-cheek, solemn, objective. For example: the style and language Michael Pollan used in his writing “Escape from the Western diet” is quite shocking: someone could call it cynical and treacherous. CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS Here you need to analyze why something happens and describe the consequences of a string of events. For example: it is a common situation when students are faced with difficulties while writing their college essays. It is hard to write a successful college essay for a lot of different reasons: students may face difficulties with expressing their thoughts, might not know how to hook the readers and make them stay till the very last word. But students need to sharpen their writing skills as it will benefit them in the future.” REPETITION The main idea here is to check the constant use of certain words. For example: “However, different sources say that Inalienable and Unalienable words mean the same thing. Inalienable has gained a stronger foothold in modern times and now is used as the preferred form. Unalienable mainly appears in quotes of or references to the Declaration.” Hopefully you now have a better idea of what a rhetorical analysis assignment is looking for and are armed with the tools necessary to complete this type of assignment. Good luck with your analisys!

Gregory of Tours on Heresy and Sickness - Literature Essay Samples

The portrayal of heretics in Gregory of Tours’ History of the Franks suggests that those who do not subscribe to the orthodox Christian system of beliefs and practices are akin to being a plague upon the entire world. It is Gregory’s belief that all things that happen and that will happen are steeped with the power of God, and therefore, to be in opposition to this God and the Holy Trinity is to stand against the very constitution of the universe. This is made evident in the literal sickness that plagues these nonbelievers as well as the negative effects the spread of their incorrect (as far is Gregory is concerned) views damage the world around them. As far as Gregory is concerned, heresy is a poison on every level. To fully understand his portrayal, we must understand what exactly Gregory considers to be heretical. To do this, we can look at how he discusses two different groups that exist outside of orthodox Christianity and why he discusses them that way: Pagans versus Arians. Pagans are commonly polytheistic people, therefore do not believe in the Christian God or Trinity, but rather their own set of Gods and customs. Arians are those who believe in the Christian God, but do not believe in the Holy Trinity being of equal power, rather God himself being supreme over Christ and the Holy Spirit, and so therefore are unorthodox Christians. Some hold that pagans are heretical, but for Gregory this is not so. He views them as a rural, simple people: they simply do not know any better, so they follow their wrong viewpoint innocently. Arians however, though believing in the Christian God, Gregory finds to be wholly guilty of heresy. How can it be that one who does not believe in his God at all is co nsidered free of heresy, but one who does is the heretic? The answer is simple: heretics choose. The term heresy itself comes from the Greek word â€Å"hairetikos† – literally meaning â€Å"able to choose†. As Gregory sees it, pagans have not made a conscious choice against Christianity, as they are largely unaware, and therefore not at fault for following a different religion or set of beliefs. They simply do not know any better. The Arians, however, have seen the truth in the ways of Christ but have actively made the choice to believe and follow something else, and as Gregory would see it, something inaccurate – a twisted version of Christianity. The fact that Arians understand orthodox Christianity but have still done as much to be re-baptized under Arianism instead, abandoning their original, correct views to champion the belief of the Arians and that the trinity is unequal, is a direct act of violation against the true and proper church of Christ. For this reason, Gregory’s portrayal of those he deems heretical are largely associated and linked to disease, even implying that these people are a sickness in and of themselves, as if heresy is an all-encompassing plague of disbelief. In an argument with an Arian named Agilan, Gregory says â€Å"you are absolutely wrong about the Holy Trinity and, what is more, the way your founder, Arius, met his end shows just how perverse and wicked your sect is† (309). Arius having died by hemorrhaging and excretion of his lower intestinal track lines up perfectly with this belief – suggesting his death by violent sickness was a consequence of his views and the founding of his blasphemous religion. After the argument ends and Agilan returns to Spain, Gregory notes further that â€Å"[Agilan] fell seriously ill: as a result he felt a compulsion to accept conversion to our religion† (310), further cementing the heretical person as being fundamentally ill, not only of mind, but of body as well – something that can be reversed upon return to the true faith. Another example of this reversal is in Gregory’s recounting of Cyrola, bishop of Heretics, in book II. Cyrola was largely against Christianity and, in this specific instance, sought to fake a miracle – paying a man to stand in the street, pretending to be blind, where Cyrola could approach him and pretend to heal his sight. When it came time to perform their con, the man who was meant to be acting blind found he had actually gone blind, in punishment of their mockery of God, and his willingness to be complicit in this act in return for money. Declaring his transgressions and sudden return to the belief in the equal trinity, two saints laid their hands upon his head and his vision was once again restored, making â€Å"quite clear how the bishop of the heretics was covering the eyes of men’s hearts with the miserable veil of his doctrine, so that none could see the true light with the eyes of faith†(112), therefore both literally and figurally causing them b lindness. When that veil is removed, and the truth is no longer denied, the sickness of heresy, as Gregory recounts many times, leaves the body and allows for wellness to return to the lives of the repentant. In Gregory’s portrayal of heretics, he makes it clear that he finds them not only the harbingers and harbourers of disease, he also finds them disgusting in terms of morality and judgement. The reason he feels so strongly about the choices and beliefs in the lives of the heretical is simple: these people know better. Unlike those of Pagan faith, heretics, and by extension Arians, have knowledge of the true power of God and the tantamount Holy Trinity, and have yet decided to forgo this knowledge in favor of wilful ignorance. Gregory offers several episodes that serve as evidence of not only their sickness, but their thorough return to health upon returning to the light and truth that is the orthodox Christian God and belief system. There is only one path for Gregory, and to stray from that path is to be stricken down as punishment for erroneous denial of the true workings of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Bibliography Gregory of Tours. The History of the Franks. Edited by Betty Radice. Translated by Lewis Thorpe. London: Penguin Books, 1974.

Empathy for the Character Hamlet in Hamlet by William...

Empathy for the Character Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare I believe deep down everyone has felt like they themselves where Hamlet. They can empathize with some of the emotions Hamlet was feeling, the grief and the sorrow, the abandonment and resentment. Not many carry their fantasy as far as Hamlet did. Shakespeare wrote of a man who had to face the great loss. Not the loss of his beloved father or of his lover Ophelia, but he lost himself in a world of make-believe where he could regain the control that he lost in his life. In the beginning Hamlet comes home to mourn the passing of his father. Then within two months the Queen, Hamlets mother, marries the brother of her old husband. This enrages Hamlet. His mother†¦show more content†¦It was as his friends had said; it did appear to be his fathers ghost. The one thing that changed Hamlet then happened. The ghost looked at him and divulged his secret. He told a story that a serpent crept into his garden while he was asleep, and that the serpent that did sting thy fathers life, now wears his crown. (I, v, 39) Hamlet did not take this news lightly. He could not believe his uncle could and would kill his father. The ghost then forced Hamlet to swear to get revenge. Hamlet cannot shake the feeling that the ghost might not have been who he said to be. So he conjured up a devious scheme. He decided the only way to get the information he wanted without looking like he was committing treason was by acting completely crazy. He asks Ophelias father if he had a daughter, and he walks around spouting nonsense. Polonius runs to the king and queen to tell them the very cause of Hamlets lunacy. (II, ii, 50) He claims Hamlet is crazy because of his undying love for his daughter. That Hamlet could not handle it when he told his daughter to ignore him. The king bought it but I think the queen knows her son better than the story would have you believe. Hamlet believed the only way to get the truth about his fathers suspicious death was by getting a reaction out of his uncle. He came up with an idea of a play where the characters acted a scene like what happened in real life.Show MoreRelatedShakesperes Hamlet and Humanism Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet and Humanism William Shakespeare, Hamlet, demonstrates human nature to be gluttonous, self-involved and merciless. Claudius is determined by his greed to commit murder. Polonius is always watching out for himself, without a care of the expense of anyone that gets in his way. Hamlet ponders only of retaliation from the second he finds out about Claudius murdered his father. Human nature has been several things throughout time, but it has also changed throughout the years. 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However, this scene is not merely a bit of comic relief. Hamlets encounter with the gravedigger serves as a forum for Shakespeare to elaborate on the nature of death and as a turning point in Hamlets character. The structure and changing mood of the encounterRead MoreThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare In this essay, I will consider Death and Sin in Shakespearean drama and I would like to look at three of Shakespeares tragic plays: Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. Shakespeare uses many themes in all his play that attract audiences throughout history. The things he wrote about are as relevant now as they were in his time. Death and Sin were issues that are always around. 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Alternative Energy Solutions For Renewable Energy

With the ever increasing demand of fossil fuels, society has been faced with the problem of a quickly diminishing supply. We are scrambling for solutions in underdeveloped technology and overlooked industry. There is much debate on whether any alternative energy solutions are able to effectively replace fossil fuels. Even if they are, we are then faced with the problem of how renewable energy programs could be implemented and improved. There are many aspects of this debate to consider, including energy demand, financial support, and ecological factors. The push for alternative energies is essential and the need is eminent, therefore government subsidization should be made a greater priority in our nation. Over millions of years the fossilized remains of plants and animals have decayed and been stored in the form of petroleum, natural gas, or coal underground for our later extraction. This stored energy can then be burned to use as fuel (DOE 2008). Because these fuels take millions of years to form, the available supply is limited for our ever-progressing industrial society. Our usage is causing a lot of concern among the energy conscious all over the world due to the fact that many developed nations could not function without fossil fuels. The main solution to this problem goes by the name of â€Å"alternative†, â€Å"renewable†, or â€Å"clean† energy. This energy comes from sources apart from fossil fuels, this includes wind, solar, and geothermal among others (Utah 2013). TheseShow MoreRelatedAlexander Gibbs. Liberty Union High School1025 Words   |  5 Pages Alternative Energy Persuasive Essay Alexander Gibbs Liberty Union High School May 10, 2016 In today’s world, the topic of energy is dominated by one thing: ancient organic matter. Carbon and oxygen that existed in this matter when it was alive is still present and is released in the form of carbon dioxide when the coal and oil it was compressed into is burned. 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Othello Analysis Othello By William Shakespeare

Riley Thompson Professor Grill LIT 200 2 November 2014 Othello Analysis Assignment Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a â€Å"tragedy.† Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. This causes him to lose his ability to make good judgments and decisions. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. As the story unfolds Othello’s character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. Eventually, this leads to Othello’s suicide. As a character, Othello is tough, noble, and virtually fearless. He is recognized for his hard work as a soldier but at the same time manages to remain humble. Shakespeare makes him out to be a hero from the start of the play. For example, in Act One, Othello says, â€Å"Let him do his spite./ My services which I have done the signiory/ Shall out-tongue his complaints† (1.2.17-19). I think that this quote displays that Othello is confident enough with his value and importance to the city of Venice that he really is fearless of getting in trouble for marrying the one he loves, Desdemona. As the play progresses, Othello’s humility comes to the surface via the words he elects to use in order to explain his marriage to Desdemona. In Act One, SceneShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesprocess, such as a process known as Classical Conditioning. Mind manipulation has been presented by villains throughout movies, novels, a nd even plays. The play Othello, written around 1603 by William Shakespeare, with the villain character Iago, is characterized as a jealous, hubris, sinister, crafty, and manipulative being. 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In Othello by William Shakespeare the theme of race is evident through out the play and is a very critical aspect towards the plot. Since Othello has a strong sense of self he is able to counter-balance the overt racism he is faced with in the beginning because he is respected and has high stature as a war general. Him and his wife lived happily without worrying what others though t of their bi-racial marriage. But, when Othello hears rumors of his wife’s possibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1436 Words   |  6 PagesRasheed Patrick Ms. Milliner EES21QH-01 01/17/17 Final Paper In Othello every character has their own personalities that makes them the person they are. In Othello there are characters that show true grit, a fixed mindset, and a growth mindset. Each characters are different which makes the book even more interesting. True grit means to endure and push through to do something better no matter what it takes. An example of grit is studying for a long period of time for a test and enduring the amountRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1240 Words   |  5 PagesRationale In Part Four of the course, Critical Study, we studied Shakespeare’s tragedy, Othello. This is a play that comprises of enduring themes of love, betrayal, jealousy, appearance versus reality, racism, and revenge. I chose to write a diary for this play because we are only presented with the facade of these characters. Throughout the play, the audience is left to wonder what goes on behind the scenes. And the only way to achieve this is to put ourselves in their shoes in order to experienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare865 Words   |  4 PagesHandkerchief William Shakespeare is a famous writer had written lot of poetry, stories, dramas etc. In his drama, he usually has a sad ending. He introduces a clue that diverts a character’s mind and thought. 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Behind hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare816 Words   |  4 PagesBell Eng. 1 Pre-I.B. 05 April 2015 Self-Confidence In the book, Othello, by William Shakespeare, the author expresses that without self-confidence a person cannot truly grow emotionally. He shows this theme throughout the book by giving Othello, the main character, the trait of low self-confidence. After the main antagonist Iago pushes Othello to his limits this trait turns out to be fatal and leads to the downfall and death of Othello. A small contribution to his low self-confidence is race, becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1171 Words   |  5 Pagesdrives Iago to plot against Othello. Jealousy is largely present in the appropriation too, the breaking point for Hugo comes at the moment when his dad, who is the coach, presents Odin with the award for ‘Most Valuable Player’, and announces to the team that â€Å"I love him (Odin), like my own son†. It is at this point that Hugo starts conspiring against Odin. Odin receiving the M.V.P award, is a representation of when Othello is promoted to a higher rank in the text. In Othello, Iago’s jealousy is bornRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1353 Words   |  6 PagesMany have read â€Å"Othello† and can clearly see how divided the characters are by many aspects, but one that seems to be most important to the whole theme is gender roles. The role of women in â€Å"Othello† varies from eac h female’s point of view and is easily recognized through their status and upbringing. From the point of view of the reader a person can definitely tell that they are also separated by class and that’s how it determines part of the problem for gender roles in this play. Another problem

Child Labor Is Not An Effective Way For India - 1533 Words

In today’s society, as Americans we don’t realize the toys and clothes we buy at the store are all being created by children who were forced to put themselves in that position in order for us to receive our goods. All around the world, child labor is one of the most widely social issues affecting the younger population, specifically, in India. For the children of India, work becomes a nightmare based on suffering and mistreatment. While children have no choice but to be independent and forced to work, it can be a big influence on the child’s education, life, health, and development. Where child labor is deeply rooted from tradition, the causes of child labor are difficult and complex beliefs and views of economic, social, and cultural matters that make it challenging for the welfare of the children to progress, but child labor is not an effective way for India and it’s people to develop and grow as a stable country. The influence of child labor has reached numerous problems and has become a vast concern in several countries but more importantly in India. India becomes a grounding place of poverty, scarce jobs, and unbearable conditions. Where poverty turned out to be the number one factor in which child labor increased, it is also caused by a long-term effect of instability and a lack of growth stemming from various reasons such as low income from jobs, agriculture, and social order. The basis of child labor stems from the hardships their parents had to undergo andShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Human Rights Abuses1747 Words   |  7 Pages Teacher signature: Topic -: Human rights abuses exist in many countries. Research the human rights situation in one country and evaluate the issues. Position-: Laws are still not effective to abolish child labor in India. Human rights are rights related with every person, whatever our nationality, spot of living arrangement, sex, national or ethnic root, color, religion, dialect, or some other status. We are all similarly qualified for ourRead MoreChild Labor in America773 Words   |  4 PagesMrs. S. Melton November 30, 2009 Child Labor in America Our child labor issue an ongoing world wide effect, currently among America’s society. Researchers even today and our up and down crisis we face economically, leave us with the understanding that poverty is a main cause of child labor. Still in America poor families depend heavenly upon their children working in order to improve their chances of attaining basic necessities. American history goes way back to explain that poverty and a child’sRead MoreEssay about The Globalization of Child Labor1517 Words   |  7 Pagescountries and people negatively. 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In India, their citizens are suffering from many different types of violations. For instance, people are being tortured. Women are being raped and single handedly being deprived of their rights. Many women are being kidnapped, raped, tortured and some even end up being killed. Its very eye opening when you find out about these types of things because we never hear about these issues. Children in India are also facing v arious types of violations. KidsRead MoreIkeas Global Sourcing Challenge2533 Words   |  11 PagesIKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) Case Synopsis IKEA is a â€Å"privately held, international home products company that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture such as beds and desks, appliances and home accessories† (www.worldisyouroyster.com). The company was established in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden when he was just 17 years old. Kamprad himself, who still owns the private company, is rumored to be the world’s richest man. IKEA is currently the worldRead MoreProblems of Gender Inequality for Women in India and Other Countries1674 Words   |  7 Pages This paper talks about the problems women in India and other places around the world face in creating women. The major stem of this problem revolves around the gender inequality that still prevails in many countries. Due to less significance given to the working women, the unions made by them dont receive much important either. Provided are some examples of the SEWA and JFJ movements that have made significant changes in the working women in India an d America. Introduction The work force has

Intelligent Campus Using Rfid Free Essays

string(145) " information that is received by the reader is then passed to the backend computing system to initiate the events, transactions, workflows, etc\." chapter 1 introduction 1. 1GENERAL With the increasing denial of time and space the RFID technology is gaining momentum day by day. RFID is a source of identification of individuals and unique products. We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligent Campus Using Rfid or any similar topic only for you Order Now The budding technology RFID proves to threaten even the cloning technique, through the chip insertion. New ways of improving the existing RFID technology are being found and implemented. This advancement of RFID technology is looked beyond the security purposes. 1. 2 PRESENT SCENARIO Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a general term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of unique serial number) of an object wirelessly, using radio waves. RFID technologies are grouped under the more generic Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). The RFID technology is used only in security, tagging goods, inventory purposes. Since the RFID technology is not well established in India, the introduction of new methodology in the field of RFID will indeed enhance the use of RFID technology in various areas of science and technology. . 3 PROBLEM An individual should be allocated to maintain registers in all places and appointment of staffs for coordinating with students in all occasions. The ID card can be duplicated even thought it has some other advancement which will be used in rare occasions. 1. 4 SOLUTION The best solution to the above problem is to develop a single RFID tag that can be used inside the college campus. Each and every RFID tag holds a particular number and it is integrated with the id cards of each and every individuals. The RFID tag reader can be fixed anywhere in campus and it is used to collect the information about the tag location. The collected data can be sent to centralized server to handle that information. Another added advantage is that the ID cards can’t be duplicated. This has several advantages and it is a time saving one for the institution, students and staff members. 1. 5 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRED The hardware required is: 1) Personal computer. 2) RS 232. 3) Reader. 4) Power supply unit. 5) IR transmitter and receiver pair. 6) Buzzer. 7) LCD. 8) Tags. The software required is: 1) AVR studio 3. 5. 2) Visual studio 6. 0. 1. 6 BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 1. 1 block diagram of intelligent campus using RFID CHAPTER 2 RFID system 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Radio Frequency Identification or RFID refers to the set of technologies that use radio waves for identifying objects or people. The RFID system is used to identify individual objects or things in the environment which can be monitored through use of wireless technology. RFID is a generic term for technologies that use radio waves to remotely store and retrieve data. In other words, it is a combined term with RF and ID where RF means a wireless communication technology and ID means identification information of tag. So it is said that RFID is theoretically a wireless networking technology to transmit identification information stored at an electronic memory space. 2. 2 COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM: ? An RFID device (transponder or tag), that contains data about an item. ? An antenna used to transmit the RF signals between the reader and the RFID devices. ? An RF transceiver that generates the RF signals. A reader that receives RF transmissions from an RFID device and passes the data to the host system for processing. Figure 2. 1: RFID SYSTEM 2. 3 GENERIC RFID TAG ARCHITECTURE The tag contains circuit to both rectify DC power from the incoming RF signal as well as to detect and extract the information modulated on the signal. The antenna load is a controlled resistance that changes the impedance of the dipole, enabling the backscatter. The tag IC is mounted on a carrier known as a strap and subsequently bonded to the antenna to form the fully assembled tag. The chip itself is very small, enabled by modem CMOS technology. The mounting of the die on a carrier has been made very inexpensive and capable of large volume by either flip-flop or by other innovative technique such as the Alien Technologies Fluidic self Assembly process. [pic] Figure 2. 2: Basic Tag IC Architecture 2. 4 Components of a tag The major components of the tag are 1) Microchip. 2) Antenna. 2. 4. 1 Microchip Microchip is electronic equipment consisting of a small crystal of silicon semiconductor fabricated to carry out a number of electronic functions in an integrated circuit. The microchip used in a HF tag is a contact less read/ write passive RFID device that is optimized for 13. 56 MHz RF carrier signal. The device needs an external LC resonant circuit for wireless communication with the interrogator. The device is powered remotely by rectifying an RF signal that is transmitted from the interrogator and transmits or updates its contents from memory-based on commands from interrogator. 2. 4. 2 Antenna The antenna emits the radio signal to activate the tag and reading and writing data to it. Antennas are the conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system data acquisition and communication. Antennas are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built in a door frame to receive tag data from persons or things. The electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags are expected continuously. If constant interrogation is not required, the field can be activated by the sensor device. 2. 5 rfid readers RFID reader is like any other device that can be connected to a PC Or might be in built like an external or internal modem. The RFID reader can be powered by a power source using an adapter †Reader† or †Interrogator†, a device that is able to locate and activate tags so that the information that has been programmed onto the tag is transmitted back to the reader and subsequently to interface computing systems. The information that is received by the reader is then passed to the backend computing system to initiate the events, transactions, workflows, etc. You read "Intelligent Campus Using Rfid" in category "Papers" Not only do reader locate activate and receive transmissions from RFID tags, a reader has the ability of sending data back to read/write capable tag in order to append or replace data. Readers exist that can also scan bar codes in environments where both bar codes and RFID are used. 2. 6 COMPONENTS OF A READER The reader has the following main components: ? Transmitter and Receiver ? Microprocessor ? Memory ? I/O channels for external sensors, actuators and annunciators ? Controller ? Communication interface ? Power. [pic] Figure 2. 3: BLOCK diagram of a reader 2. 6. 1 TRANSMITTER The reader’s transmitter is used to transmit AC power and the clock cycle via antennas to the tags in its read zone. This is part of the transceiver unit, the component responsible for sending the reader signal to the surrounding environment and receiving tag responses back via the reader antennas. The antenna ports of reader are connecting to its transceiver component. One reader antenna can be attached to each such antenna port. Receiver receives analog signals from the tag via the reader antenna. It then sends the signals to reader microprocessor, where it is converted to its equivalent digital form. 2. 6. 2 MICROPROCESSOR This component is responsible for implementing the reader protocol to communicate with compatible tags. It performs decoding and error checking of the analog signal from the receiver. In addition, the microprocessor might contain custom logic for doing low level filtering and processing of read tag data. 2. 6. 3 MEMORY Memory is used for storing data such as the reader configuration parameters and list of tag reads. Depending on the memory size, however, a limit applies as to how many such tag reads can be stored at one time. If the connection remains down for an extended period with the reader reading tags during this downtime, this limit might be exceeded an part of the stored data lost. 2. 6. 4 I/O channels Readers do not have to be turned on for reading tags at all time. A sensor of some sort, such as a motion or light sensor, detects the presence of tagged objects in the readers read zone. This sensor can then set the reader on to read this tag. Similarly, this component also allows the reader to provide local output depending on some condition via an annunciators or an actuator. 2. 6. 6 CONTROLLER A controller is an entity that allows an external entity, either a human or a computer program, to communicate with and control a reader’s function and to control annunciators and actuators associated with the reader. . 6. 7 COMMUNICATION INTERFACE The communication interface component provides the communication instructions to a reader that allows it to interact with external entities, via a controller to transfers its stored data and to accept commands and send back the corresponding responses. 2. 6. 8 POWER This component supplies power to the reader component. The power sources g enerally provided to this component through a power cord connected to an appropriate external electrical outlet. 2. 7 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A READER AND A TAG Depending on the tag type, the communication between the reader and a tag can be one of the following: †¢ Modulated backscatter †¢ Transmitter type †¢ Transponder type The area between a reader antenna and one full wave length of the RF wave emitted by the antenna is called near field. The area beyond one full wavelength of the RF wave emitted from a reader antenna is called far field. Passive rfid systems operating in LF and HF use near field communication, whereas those in UHF and microwave frequencies use far field communication. The signal strength in near field communication attenuates as the cube of the distance from the reader antenna. In far field, it attenuates as square of the distance from the reader antenna. 2. 7. 1 MODULATED BACK SCATTER Modulated backscatter communication applies to passive as well as to semi active tags. In This type of communication, the reader sends out a continuous wave (CW) RF signal containing ac power and clock signal to the tag at carrier frequency. Through physical coupling, the antennas supplies power to the microchip. About 1. 2v are generally necessary to energize the tag microchip for reading microchips. For writing, the microchip usually needs to draw about 2. 2v from the reader signal. The microchip now modulates or breaks up the input signal in to a sequence of on and off patterns that represents its data and transmits it back. When the reader receives this modulated signal, it decodes the pattern and obtains the data. Thus, in modulated backscatter communication, the reader always â€Å"talks† first, followed by the tag. A tag using this scheme cannot communicate at all in the absence of a reader because it depends totally on the reader’s power to transmit its data. pic] Figure 2. 4: backscatter communication 2. 7. 2 TRANSMITTER TYPE This type of communication applies to active tags only. In this type of communication, the tag broadcasts its message to the environment in regular intervals irrespective of the presence or absence of a reader. Therefore, in this type of communication, the tag always â€Å"talks† first rather than the reader. [pic] Figure 2. 5: T RANSMITTER communication 3. 4. 3 TRANSPONDER TYPE In this type of communication, the tag goes to a â€Å"sleep† or in to dormant stage in the absence of interrogation from a reader. In this stage, the tag might periodically send a message to check any reader is listening to it. When a reader receives such a query message, it can instruct the tag to â€Å"wake up† or end the dormant stage. When the tag receives this command from the reader, it exits its current state and starts to act as a transmitter tag again. The tag data is sent only the reader specially asks. [pic] Figure 2. 6: TRANSPONDER communication chapter 3 microcontroller 3. 1 INTRODUCTION The hardware includes the following components: ? Atmega162 (micro controller). ? Power supply. ? In system programming. ? Buzzer. Liquid crystal display. ? Reset. ? Max 232. 3. 2 Hardware details of ATMEGA162 controller Utilizes the AVR – RSIC architecture. 3. 2. 1 Features ? High-performance and Low-power Advanced RISC Architecture. ? Most single clock execution. ? 32 x 8 general purpose working registers. ? Fully static operation. ? On chip 2 cycle multiplier. ? Up to 16 MIPS throughput at 16 MHz. ? 131 powerful instructions. 3. 2. 2 Non-volatile Program and Data Memories ? 16K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash. ? Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles. ? 512 Bytes EEPROM. ? 1K Bytes Internal SRAM. Up to 64K Bytes Optional External Memory Space. ? Programming Lock for Flash program and EEPROM data Security. 3. 2. 3 Peripheral Features ? Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Modes. ? Two 16-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Compare Modes, and Capture Modes. ? Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator. ? Six PWM Channels. ? Dual Programmable Serial USARTs. ? Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface. ? Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator. ? On-chip Analog Comparator. ? External and internal interrupt sources. 3. 2. 4 SPECIFICATION ? Low power high speed CMOS process technology. Fully static operation. ? Power consumption at 4 MHz, 3v, 25c. ? Active: 3. 0 MA. 3. 2. 5 Special Microcontroller Features ? Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection. ? Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator. ? External and Internal Interrupt Sources. ? Five Sleep Modes: Idle, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby. 3. 2. 6 I/O and Packages ? 35 Programmable I/O Lines. ? 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF. 3. 2. 7 Operating Voltages ? 1. 8 – 5. 5V for ATmega162V. ? 2. 7 – 5. 5V for ATmega162. 3. 2. 8 Speed Grades ? 0 – 8 MHz for ATmega162V. ? 0 – 16 MHz for ATmega162. 3. ATMEGA162 architectural overview The ATmega162 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega162 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. . 3. 1 features OF ATMEGA162 The 16K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, an external memory interface, 35 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary-scan, On-chip Debugging support and programming, four flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, two serial programmable USARTs, a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and five software selectable power saving modes. The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect addresses register pointers for Data Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of these address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash Program memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section. The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation. [pic] Figure 3. 1: BLOCK Diagram. Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16 or 32-bit instruction. [pic] Figure 3. 2: BLOCK Diagram of the AVR Architecture Program Flash memory space is divided in two sections, the Boot Program section and the Application Program section. Both sections have dedicated Lock bits for write and read/write protection. The SPM instruction that writes into the Application Flash memory section must reside in the Boot Program section. During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the Stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). [pic] Figure 3. 3: Data Memory Map 3. 3. 2 ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. 3. 3. 3 Status Register The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform conditional operations. Status Register format [pic] Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable: The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt Enable Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage: The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit Load) and BST (Bit Store) use the T bit as source or destination for the operated bit. Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag: The Half Carry Flag H indicates a half carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry is useful in BCD arithmetic. Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N. V: The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V. Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag: The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetic. Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag: The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag: The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag: The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. 3. 3. 4 Stack Pointer The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for storing return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. The Stack Pointer Register always points to the top of the Stack. The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt Stacks are located. This Stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. Stack Pointer FORMAT pic] The Stack Pointer is incremented by one when data is popped from the Stack with the POP instruction, and it is incremented by two when data is popped from the Stack with return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt RETI. The AVR Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of bits actually used is implementation dependent. 3. 3. 5 Reset and Interrupt Handling The AVR provi des several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset Vector each have a separate program vector in the program memory space. All interrupts are assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together with the Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt. There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the Interrupt Flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt Vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware clears the corresponding Interrupt Flag. Interrupt Flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit position(s) to be cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt enable bit is cleared, the Interrupt Flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is cleared by software. The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present. These interrupts do not necessarily have Interrupt Flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered. 3. 3. 6 In-System Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory The ATmega162 contains 16K bytes On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the Flash is organized as 8K x 16. For software security, the Flash Program memory space is divided into two sections, Boot Program section and Application Program section. [pic] Figure 3. 4 Programmable Memory Map The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The ATmega162 Program Counter (PC) is 13 bits wide, thus addressing the 8K program memory locations. 3. 4 EEPROM Data Memory The ATmega162 contains 512 bytes of data EEPROM memory. It is organized as a separate data space, in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM and the CPU is described in the following, specifying the EEPROM Address Registers, the EEPROM Data Register, and the EEPROM Control Register. 3. 4. 1 EEPROM Read/Write Access The EEPROM Access Registers are accessible in the I/O space. A self timing function, however, lets the user software detect when the next byte can be written. If the user code contains instructions that write the EEPROM, some precautions must be taken. In heavily filtered power supplies, VCC is likely to rise or fall slowly on Power-up/down. This causes the device for some period of time to run at a voltage lower than specified as minimum for the clock frequency used. In order to prevent unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed. The EEPROM Address Register [pic] Bits 15. 9 – Res: Reserved Bits These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega162 and will always read as zero. Bits 8. 0 – EEAR8. 0: EEPROM Address The EEPROM Address Registers – EEARH and EEARL specify the EEPROM address in the 512 bytes EEPROM space. The EEPROM data bytes are addressed linearly between 0 and 511. The initial value of EEAR is undefined. A proper value must be written before the EEPROM may be accessed. The EEPROM Data Register –EEDR [pic] Bits 7. 0 – EEDR7. 0: EEPROM Data For the EEPROM write operation, the EEDR Register contains the data to be written to the EEPROM in the address given by the EEAR Register. For the EEPROM read operation, the EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the address given by EEAR. The EEPROM Control Register – EECR [pic] Bits 7. 4 – Res: Reserved Bits These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega162 and will always read as zero. Bit 3 – EERIE: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Enable Writing EERIE to one enables the EEPROM Ready Interrupt if the I bit in SREG is set. Writing EERIE to zero disables the interrupt. The EEPROM Ready interrupt generates a constant interrupt when EEWE is cleared. Bit 2 – EEMWE: EEPROM Master Write Enable The EEMWE bit determines whether setting EEWE to one cause the EEPROM to be written. When EEMWE is set, setting EEWE within four clock cycles will write data to the EEPROM at the selected address. If EEMWE is zero, setting EEWE will have no effect. When EEMWE has been written to one by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after four clock cycles. See the description of the EEWE bit for an EEPROM write procedure. Bit 1 – EEWE: EEPROM Write Enable The EEPROM Write Enable signal EEWE is the write strobe to the EEPROM. When address and data are correctly set up, the EEWE bit must be written to one to write the value into the EEPROM. The EEMWE bit must be written to one before a logical one is written to EEWE; otherwise no EEPROM write takes place. The following procedure should be followed when writing the EEPROM (the order of steps 3 and 4 is not essential): 1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero. 2. Wait until SPMEN in SPMCR becomes zero. 3. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional). 4. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional). 5. Write a logical one to the EEMWE bit while writing a zero to EEWE in EECR. 6. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMWE, write a logical one to EEWE. The EEPROM can not be programmed during a CPU write to the Flash memory. The software must check that the Flash programming is completed before initiating a new EEPROM write. Step 2 is only relevant if the software contains a Boot Loader allowing the CPU to program the Flash. If the Flash is never being updated by the CPU, step 2 can be omitted. Caution: An interrupt between step 5 and step 6 will make the write cycle fail, since the EEPROM Master Write Enable will time-out. If an interrupt routine accessing the EEPROM is interrupting another EEPROM access, the EEAR or EEDR Register will be modified, causing the interrupted EEPROM access to fail. It is recommended to have the Global Interrupt Flag cleared during all the steps to avoid these problems. When the write access time has elapsed, the EEWE bit is cleared by hardware. The user software can poll this bit and wait for a zero before writing the next byte. When EEWE has been set, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the next instruction is executed. Bit 0 – EERE: EEPROM Read Enable The EEPROM Read Enable Signal EERE is the read strobe to the EEPROM. When the correct address is set up in the EEAR Register, the EERE bit must be written to a logic one to trigger the EEPROM read. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction, and the requested data is available immediately. When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four cycles before the next instruction is executed. The user should poll the EEWE bit before starting the read operation. If a write operation is in progress, it is neither possible to read the EEPROM, nor to change the EEAR Register. 3. 5 Timing External memory devices have various timing requirements. It is important to consider the timing specification of the external memory device before selecting the wait-state. The most important parameters are the access time for the external memory in conjunction with the set-up requirement of the ATmega162. [pic] Figure 3. 5: External Data Memory Cycles without Wait-state. 3. 6 Crystal Oscillator XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used. C1 and C2 should always be equal for both crystals and resonators. The optimal value of the capacitors depends on the crystal or resonator in use, the amount of stray capacitance, and the electromagnetic noise of the environment. The Oscillator can operate in four different modes, each optimized for a specific frequency range. [pic] Figure 3. 6: Crystal Oscillator Connections 3. 6. 1 Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator The Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator must be selected by setting the CKSEL Fuses to â€Å"0100†, â€Å"0101†, â€Å"0110† or â€Å"0111†. The crystal should be connected as shown in Figure. If CKSEL equals â€Å"0110† or â€Å"0111†, the internal capacitors on XTAL1 and XTAL2 are enabled, thereby removing the need for external capacitors. The internal capacitors have a nominal value of 10 pF. When this Oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses (real time-out from Reset) and CKSEL0 (number of clock cycles) as shown in below tables [pic] Table 4. 1 Start-up DELAYS from Reset when Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator is selected . 7 Watchdog Timer If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, this module should be turned off. If the Watchdog Timer is enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and hence, always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. Chapter 4 Intelligent campus using rfid 4. 1 INTRODUCTION This project describes about the efficient used of RFID technology around us, it also describes about the use of both hardware and software. In addition we also focus on monitoring every individual inside the campus. 4. 2 Basic setup [pic]Figure 4. 1 basic setup The basic external setup for the project is shown in figure 8. 1. The HF reader is connected to microcontroller through RS-232 cable and the IR pairs are connected to the port pins of microcontroller. The microcontroller is then connected to the host computer (server) through RS-232 cable. The detailed explanation of the blocks are given below 4. 3 PERIPHERALS 4. 3. 1 I/O PORTS All AVR ports have true read-modify-write functionality when used as general digital I/O ports. This means that the direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally changing the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. Port A Port A is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for the Port A, one each for the Data Register – PORT A, SIB($IB($3B), Data Direction Register – DDRA, $1A($3A) and the Port A. Input Pins – PINA, $19($39). The Port A Input Pins address is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write. Port B Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for the Port B, one each for the Data Register – PORT B, $18($38), Data Direction Register – DDRB, $17($37) and the Port B Input Pins – PINB, $16($36). The Port B Input Pins address is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write. Port C Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for the Port C, one each for the Data Register – PORT C, $15($35), Data Direction Register – DDRC, $14($34) and the Port C Input Pins – PINC, $13($33) The Port C Input Pins address is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write. Port D Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for the Port D, one each for the Data Register – PORT D, $12($32), Data Direction Register – DDRD, $11($31) and the Port D Input Pins – PIND, $10($30). The Port D Input Pins address is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write. 4. 4 USART (Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter): The Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter (USART) is a highly flexible serial communication device. The main features are: ? Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation ? Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation ? Odd or Even Parity Generation and Parity Check Supported by Hardware ? Data Overrun Detection ? Framing Error Detection ? Three Separate Interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty and RX Complete ? Multi-processor Communication Mode ? Double Speed Asynchronous Communication Mode The ATmega162 has two USARTs, USART0 and USART1. USART0 and USART1 have different I/O Registers. Portd0 is the receiver pin and portd1 is the transmitter pin. Here we are using IC MAX232 as a UART driver. [pic] Figure 4. 2 uart driver. 4. 4. 1 AVR UART – Compatibility The USART is fully compatible with the AVR UART regarding: ? Bit locations inside all USART Registers ? Baud Rate Generation ? Transmitter Operation ? Transmit Buffer Functionality ? Receiver Operation 4. 4. 2 USART Initialization The USART has to be initialized before any communication can take place. The initialization process normally consists of setting the baud rate, setting frame format and enabling the Transmitter or the Receiver depending on the usage. For interrupt driven USART operation, the Global Interrupt Flag should be cleared (and interrupts globally disabled) when doing the initialization. The TXC Flag can be used to check that the Transmitter has completed all transfers, and the RXC Flag can be used to check that there are no unread data in the receive buffer. 4. 5 SENSOR Sensors are the devices that are used to convert the physical parameter into signal that can be measured electrically and it can be easily given as an input to the microcontroller. The effectual sensor should have the following properties namely, ? Sensor should be sensitive to measured property. ? It should be insensitive to any other property. ? It should not influence any other property. An IR sensor is used. It uses IR LED as an IR transmitter, which emits IR rays in the wavelength of 940 nm and a phototransistor is used as IR receiver, which detects IR rays and the output comes in collector. If the receiver is receiving IR rays the output will be low otherwise output is high. The output of the receiver is given to the comparator chip LM393, which compares the receiver output with the prefixed voltage signal. The output of the comparator is given to microcontroller. [pic] Figure 4. 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF IR SENSOR 4. 5. 1 IR TRANSMITTER LED, a special type of semiconductor diode that has a pn junction acts as a transmitter. The wavelength and the color of the light depend on the band gap energy of the material forming pn junction. The materials used for a LED have a direct band gap energy corresponding to near IR, but Germanium and silicon are indirect band gap materials resulting in a non – radiative recombination. Hence does not emit light. The advantages of LED over incandescent sources are: ? Less costly Long life span ? Insensitive to vibration and shocks. 4. 5. 2 IR RECEIVER A phototransistor is used to detect the IR rays from the LED. It is a bi polar junction that is encased in a transparent case so that light can reach the base collector junction. The phototransistor works like a photodiode with a very high very high sensitivity for light, because the electrons that are gene rated by photons in the base collector junction are injected to base and amplified like a transistor. It has a slower response time than photodiode. [pic] Figure 4. 4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IR SENSOR 4. 5. 3COMPARATOR The comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op-amp with a known reference voltage at the other input. For an inverting comparator the reference voltage is applied to the (+) input and input is given to the (-) terminal. The common mode voltage range includes ground, and the differential input voltage equals power supply voltage. [pic] Figure 4. 5: PIN CONFIGURATION OF LM 393 4. 6 BUZZER It is a transducer which converts electrical signal to sound signal. Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystals to produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. The effect is reversible (i. . ) crystals when subjected to external applied voltage can change shape by a small amount and the effect is of nanometers. [pic] Figure 4. 6 circuit diagram of buzzer 4. 7 RS-232C RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. [pic] Fig ure: 4. 7. RS-232 CONNECTOR 4. 7. 1 DB9 INFORMATION The DB9 connection has 9 pins which are each described in the below table. The illustration below is an example of the female serial connector, which would usually be located on the connector that would connect to the computer. 9 pin connector on a DTE device (PC connection) | |Pin No |Direction of the signal | |1 |Carrier(CD) ( from DCE) incoming signal from the modem | |2 |Received data (RD) incoming data from DCE | |3 |Transmit data (TD) outgoing data to a DCE | |4 |Data terminal ready (DTR) outgoing handshake signal | |5 |Signal ground common reference voltage | |6 |Data set ready (DSR) incoming handshaking signal | |7 |Request to send (RTS) outgoing flow control signal | |8 |Clear to send (CTS) incoming flow control signal | |9 |Ring indicator (RI) (from DCE) incoming signal from a modem | Table: 4. 1: DB9 connector DTE stands for Data Terminal Equipment, and DCE stands for Data Communications Equipment. These terms are used to indicate the pin-out for the connectors on a device and the direction of the signals on the pins The RS-232 standard states that DTE devices use a 9-pin male connector, and DCE devices use a 9-pin female connector. 4. 8 LCD LCD is an output device which is used to display a character or a text through microcontroller. So, the LCD is connected in the output port pins of microcontroller. A 2 line LCD display has totally 32 pins. 32 characters can be displayed in our LCD. [pic] Figure 4. 8: 16Ãâ€"2 LCD DISPLAY The starting address for the first line is $80 and for end address is $8F and for second line the starting address is $C0 and the end address is $CF. Pin no |Pin name |I/P or O/P |External connection |Function | |1 |VSS |– |Power supply |GND | |2 |VDD |– | |+5V | |3 |VO |– | |V lcd adjustment | |4 |RS |I/p |MPU |Register select signal | |5 |R/W |I/p |MPU |Read/write select signal | | | | | |Read-1; write-2. | |6 |E |I/p MPU |Operation enable signal | |7-10 |DB0-DB3 |I/p |MPU |Lower order lines | |11-14 |DB4-DB7 |I/p |MPU |Higher order lines | |15-16 |LED,,+,, |I/p |LED backlight power supply |LED,,+,, voltage | | |LED,,-,, | | |type : 4. 2V;Max: 4. 5V | | | | | |LED,,-,, : GND | Table 4. 2 discription of lcd terminals Chapter 5 VISUAL BASIC 5. 1 INTRODUCTION The Visual Basic language is quite powerful – if one can imagine a programming task; it can probably be accomplished using Visual Basic. Once the basics of Visual Basic are understood then one becomes productive. 5. 2 About Visual Basic The â€Å"Visual† part refers to the method used to create the graphical user interface (GUI), Rather than writing numerous lines of code to describe the appearance and location of interface elements, simply add pre built objects into place on screen. The â€Å"Basic† part refers to the BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) language, a language used by more programmers. Visual Basic has evolved from the original BASIC languages and now contains several hundred statements, functions, and keywords, many of which relate directly to the Windows GUI. Beginners can create useful applications by learning just a few of the keywords, yet the power of the language allows professionals to accomplish anything that can be accomplished using any other Windows programming language. The Visual Basic programming language is not unique to Visual Basic. The Visual Basic programming system, Applications Edition included in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and many other Windows applications uses the same language. The Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VB Script) is a widely used scripting language and a subset of the Visual Basic language. The investment one makes in learning Visual Basic will carry over to many other areas. Whether the goal is to create a small utility for an individual, a work group a large enterprise-wide system, or even distributed applications spanning the globe via the Internet, Visual Basic has the required tools. 5. 3 ADVANTAGES ? Data Access features allow you to create databases, front-end applications, and scalable server-side components for most popular database formats, including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprise-level databases. ? ActiveXTM Technologies allow you use the functionality provided by other applications, such as Microsoft Word Processor, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, and other Windows applications. Even applications can be automated and objects can be created using the Professional or Enterprise editions of Visual Basic. ? Internet capabilities make it easy to provide access to documents and applications across the Internet or intranet from within the application, or to create Internet server applications. ? The finished application is a true. exe file that uses a Visual Basic Virtual Machine that you can freely distribute. 5. 4 Program description The front end is visual basic and this programming concept is chosen because it is more users friendly. The information or the status about the persons is displayed and the same can be stored in a database so that it can be accessed later. [pic] Figure 5. : output and database creation, checking form Chapter 6 conclusion RFID technology is a budding technology that is fast growing world wide. RFID proves to be cutting edge technology through its applications. This project moves a step ahead in RFID’s application and presents a new dimension to view through. This project proves to be entirely different and innovative of RFID technology with the existing components. Such an introduction of a new methodology in the RFID technology enhances its use and improves the present knowledge. The project â€Å"INTELLIGENT campus using RFID† will sure make a great difference in the present industrial applications of RFID. It will provide the ultimate solution for the problems that exists in various cases. This is a prototype of the proposed idea wherein the entire reason behind it is to provide a fully compact, covering larger distance. 6. 1 PROCESS EXPLANATION The various processes that take place during the working of the project are as follows: The RFID tag is a passive, high frequency device in which some unique data’s can be stared in the form of serial numbers known as ELECTRONIC PRODUCT CODE (EPC). Whenever the RFID tag comes in the field of a particular reader, the reader detects the tag and sends the detected information about the EPC to the microcontroller. ACTIVITY FLOWCHART Figure 6. 1: activity flow chart The received information will be fed into the microcontroller which compares the epc number to specific information’s about group of individuals. If the received information is already in the list, it will allow the user to enter inside the campus and also maintains a database for storing this information. The reader refreshes its data continuously checks after certain amount of time interval and when the RFID reader detects the absence of a tag it will remove the tag details from the list. The database can be created with the help of visual basic programming. [pic] Figure 6. 2: database creation of persons entering into the campus Whenever the tag enters into a specific location such as class rooms, library etc, the reader present in that location will detects the tag. Two IR transmitter – receiver pairs are used for the purpose of monitoring whether the person is entering the room or leaving the room. The IR rays interfering sequence is fed to the microcontroller and it is used for detecting the status of the person having that particular tag. The details or the status are also saved into database using visual basic coding. The databases can be shared in the network and it can be used for finding or monitoring each and every individual belonging to that campus. [pic] Figure 6. 3: database creation of persons entering into PARTICULAR LOCATION. The same can be used to find the individual location using search option. 6. 2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS The project could further be developed and enhanced in an effective way by suitable polarization RFID reader antennas and increasing the frequency range so that it would not only provide the solution for monitoring persons in a smaller area as mentioned in this model. The security can also be increased by replacing IR devices by some bio-metric ideas. ———————– 162- MICRO CONTROLLER LCD I/O P O R T S I/O P O R T S BUZZER IR 1 IR 2 USART USART PC RFID END CREATES A DATA BASE (In/Out) 1-2 OR 2-1 Yes No Interruption Occurred CHECHS FOR IR SIGNAL CREATES A DATA BASE (Present inside the campus) INFORMATION TRANSFER FROM RFID READER TO M162 Yes RFID TAG PRESENT No READER SIGNAL TRANSMIT START How to cite Intelligent Campus Using Rfid, Papers