GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING IS LEADING TO Essay

GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING IS LEADING TO RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT TO BECOME UNVIABLE - Essay Example In particular it discusses the different ways in which policy is specified in different tenures and the extent to which implementation depends upon administrative allocation mechanisms. It concludes that up to the present time the shift in emphasis is more one of rhetoric than of reality and, more fundamentally, that the forms in which current policies are implemented bear very little relationship to those suggested by analysis of basic principles. Thus the curetn study goes some what deep into the policy regulations with respect to each Housing Act 2004, and how the regulations are failing at different level to meet the affordability. The research considers Hosuing price as main relative to affordability and also intends to observe the mortage and interest rates governed by regulations. The study intends to follow qualitative historical study to derive the hypothesis of the study. To address the issue a comprehensive review of a range of different data and information sources, including academic publications, research reports and government publications, was undertaken. A number of intellectual disciplines were covered in the review: economics, management and business studies, regeneration and housing, psychology and behavioural studies. Early on it became obvious that there was an overall lack of research and information on asset-building in general and more specifically, on the UK Housing policy. The research accessed and reviewed literature and data from the UK, where the majority of research on regulations framed around the affordable housing and the articles that illustrates the opinion of the different stakeholders on the impact of those regulations. Literature for this review was identified through a range of searches. This included Internet searches of key websites and searches on databases covering academic references, practice and professional journals, national and

Violance and the World by Robert Cover and Reflections on the Essay

Violance and the World by Robert Cover and Reflections on the Guillotine by Albert Cumus - Essay Example According to Cover (p. 1601), for instance, when a judge interprets the law and hands out a sentence, as legally appropriate to the crime as it may be, the sheer act of imposition of violence on another person is in itself an act of death and pain. This is quite similar to the actions committed during the course of the crime. This means that the interpretation of legal statutes occurs under conditions of death and pain. For instance, as a result of the imposition of a term of sentence, a convict losses his freedom, property, or life in extreme cases, while his family losses a father, brother, son or husband. Cumus is especially expressive about the aspect of sentencing convicts to the death penalty. According to the Cumus (p. 23), murder carried out by the state or under state supervision is tantamount to premeditated murder carried out by criminals on innocent persons. Cover speaks on this topic, citing that the interpretations of law allow for justification of violence and murder o f persons found guilty of crimes, which, as Cumus put it, is equal to premeditated murder. While Cover explains that he is not sympathetic towards criminals and convicts for the crimes they committed, he asserts that the interpretation in the law itself creates victims who are innocent of the crime for which they are suffering (Cover, p. 1602). The victims in most instances are family members who were oblivious of the occurrence of the crime. The organized social practices of interpretations in law tear families up and perpetrate the same violence for which they are meant to punish. The irony of this situation is compounded by the statistics, proving that capital punishment does not necessarily reduce the occurrence of crime. According to Cumus, a more logical approach for remedying criminal behavior is through reforms and rehabilitation, rather than violence, pain, and death. Because the nature of law is to uphold the humane conduct of all persons in society, it is ironic that law also contravenes the same humane essence it preaches. Cumus tells of instances when the guillotine is not instant, hence prolonging the suffering of both its victim and that of family members and other witnesses. The sheer brutality of the guillotine is also implicit of the law’s violent nature (Cumus, p. 19) Both writers argue for the discontinuation of capital punishment. Cumus is primarily concerned about the guillotine, which he asserts is neither humane nor instant, as it is purported to be. Cover, on the other hand, speaks of the need to adopt more effective systems of reforms, rather than the conventional violence-riddled sentencing and confinement of convicts in solitary places (Cover, p. 1606). Legal interpretation, according to Cover, should adopt a culture that is similar to a number of communities, which use shame and contrition as a means of punishing offenders. In such instances, the offenders’ shame for their actions is stronger than any degree of violen ce meted on them in terms of behavioral correction. Cumus argues that the guillotine’s effectiveness has been eroded with time. In earlier times when the guillotine was used in public, it was relatively effective in deterring crime. However, because it is currently used privately in prisons, its effectiveness is muffled. This means that there is, in fact, no need to use the guillotine any more in the current day and age. Nonetheless, Cumus is somewhat supportive of the conduct of executions

Maslows hierarchy of human needs

Maslows hierarchy of human needs Question 1 Abraham Maslow is revered as a great psychologist who lived from 1908 to 1970. He is renowned for the Maslows hierarchy of human needs. He came up with 5 levels of human needs. On the lowest quadrant of the pyramid lay the physiological needs which entailed food, sexual activity and breathing. Maslow considered these needs to be very basic and an essential for every human being. The next level of needs was the safety needs which encompass both financial and personal security as well as health and the well being of an individual. As the pyramid advances, there are other greater needs that human beings desire such as love and affection, esteem and self actualization. These needs are satisfied in order of their hierarchy such that one would not satisfy a high need without first satisfying a lower need within the Maslow hierarchy need. Maslow hierarchy of needs is indeed imperative in that it illuminates the most important and the least important needs of human beings. Through this theory, we are able to identify the most basic human needs. In addition, Maslows hierarchy of needs enables us to gain a succinct understanding of the theory of motivation. Most times, managers would first of all seek to meet the basic needs of their employees so that they can be able to motivate their employees to higher levels. Critics on the other hand suggest that human needs cannot be classified into hierarchies as Maslow did. A onetime philosopher argues that people are diverse and have different needs that they consider as basic. The hierarchy can therefore not be considered to be universal. What one considers to be a fundamental need may not be fundamental to another. Maslow was criticized for testing a small sample of about 100 students to come up with the hierarchy of human needs. The limited testing cannot therefore be construed to be sufficient. Question 2 In this experiment, patients with depression shall be sampled. A sample of 40 patients under new medication and suffering from depression will be taken. The effectiveness of the patients new medication against depression will be measured by determining the changes in behavior among the 40 patients. Hypothesis This study seeks to establish the effectiveness of new medication for treating depression Random assignment of participants The sample of 40 patients suffering from depression will be sampled from different hospitals across the state of Texas. These patients will consist of those suffering from depression and are using the new medication. The patients will be monitored for about a week to establish the effectiveness of the new medication. Independent variable The period of time for administering the new medication to patients with depression Dependent variable The rate of healing of the patients with depression The quantity of drugs administered to the patients suffering from depression Ethical guidelines Here, we shall monitor the patients improvement in terms of their behavior. The patients sampled will be monitored for a period of one week. Question 3 Psychology is the study of the mental mind and the disciplines and theories that surround the mental mind. Psychology therefore does not merely study the mental process but also encompasses the behavior of human beings and the likely effects that this behavior has to both the individual and the environment at large. Question 4 Operant conditioning implies using results to modify behavior towards the desired direction. This principle entails altering behavior that is based on the environment through first changing the environment. Drinking alcohol and driving can be changed via operant conditioning. This can be changed through making it illegal to drink and drive as well as closing drinking joints early. Positive reinforcement entails introducing an action that encourages the occurrence of a certain behavior. For instance, withdrawing law pertaining to drinking and driving is a positive reinforcement. On the other hand, negative reinforcement involves introducing behavior that inhibits the commission of a certain behavior; for instance, in the above example, introducing gadgets that will be used to detect drunk drivers on the road. This helps in shaping the behavior of drinking groups within the society. Negative reinforcement also leads to the extinction of undesired behavior. Reinforcing laws against drunk driving is also negative reinforcement. Punishment is one way of discouraging behavior. It is thus an effective way of limiting operant conditioning. Reinforcement cannot be effectively done at once. There is need for a schedule of reinforcement which indicates how the undesired behavior will be altered.

Progress Leads to Success Essay -- Health, Mental Illness

Henry Ford stated, â€Å"Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is a progress, working together is success,† Ford’s quote applies to everything and everyone coming together in the beginning to make progress that leads into success, just like we need to do to help the mentally ill. Things need to change so that mentally ill individuals don’t hurt themselves or the people that surround them in society. The law and psychology need to work together to make stricter guidelines to prevent mentally stable people from manipulating the right’s we are giving to mentally ill people, also they need to treat mentally ill before crime happens, and lastly, the mentally ill should not be placed into prisons because of the more severe effects that will hurt them worse in the long run. Making a tougher mental capacity test would reduce the amount of liars that just rely on the insanity defense to get a lesser sentence. The law has already showed a good beginning in trying to stop perfectly stable people mentally from manipulating the right of the insanity offense the law has given to mentally ill who actually need it, â€Å"About one-fourth of the states have established a separate verdict of ‘Guilty but Mentally Ill’ (GBMI)†¦ The consequence of receiving GBMI is that the individual is convicted and given a criminal sentence. It is a verdict available to the jury when the conclusion is that the defendant committed the act charged but suffers from a mental disorder, however, not at the level necessary to meet the insanity offense,† (Torry 259-260) the law as a whole has clearly started to make little changes by making the GBMI but they still need to make more progress so people do not manipulate the system. For example, 35-year-old Terry Sturgis... ...uncertainty about life after prison, and inadequate health services† (187), by placing these types of people into prisons is doing nothing but make things worse. In conclusion the law and psychology need to do a better job working together so we can make the best outcome for everyone. Being mentally ill is not a bad thing, it is just a bad thing when you cannot control your urges: â€Å"It is a disorder that impairs the human mind and prevents distinguishing between actions that are right and wrong†¦They are brain disorders resulting in a diminishined capacity for coping with the demands of life† (Torry 255). By coming together we can make progress and make a success out of making stricter guildlines, treating mentally ill before crime happens, and placing them into institutions, not prisons. This success can be an overall positive thing for the individual and society.

Business Law Ch 1-8

Question 1 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points TECO Coal Corporation mines and ships more than six million tons of coal annually. TECO is comprehensively regulated by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The U. S. Bureau of Mines may conduct a surprise inspection of one of TECO's mines: Answer Selected Answer: d. without a search warrant to ensure safety. Correct Answer: d. without a search warrant to ensure safety. Question 2 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The primary source of federal power to regulate business is the: Answer Selected Answer: d. Commerce Clause. Correct Answer: d. Commerce Clause. Question 3 2. out of 2. 5 points The power of federal agencies is limited by: Answer Selected Answer: d. All of the above. Correct Answer: d. All of the above. Question 4 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Zeno, Inc. is considering relocating its manufacturing facility from Illinois to Mexico City. The stakeholders in this decision might include: Answer Selected Answer: d. All of the above. Correct Answer: d. All of the above. Question 5 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The observation that â€Å"The one and only social responsibility of business is to increase its profits† can be attributed to: Answer Selected Answer: d.Milton Friedman. Correct Answer: d. Milton Friedman. Question 6 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The Chief Executive Officer of Ticor, Inc. must decide about the disposal of toxic waste materials. Which of the following considerations should help the CEO reach an ethical business decision? Answer Selected Answer: d. All of the above. Correct Answer: d. All of the above. Question 7 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The Constitution ensures that the states retain all power not given to the national government. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 8 2. 5 out of 2. 5 pointsA rule that establishes maximum length of work shifts for air traffic controllers is an example of an administrative regulation. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 9 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Society is hurt when business managers behave ethically. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Question 10 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points There is strong evidence that ethical behavior pays off financially for businesses. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Question 11 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Which of the following is not an example of a trial court of limited jurisdiction? AnswerSelected Answer: c. A general civil division court. Correct Answer: c. A general civil division court. Question 12 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Federal jurisdiction based upon a â€Å"federal question† includes cases based on: Answer Selected Answer: d. All of the above. Correct Answer: d. All of the above. Question 13 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points When an appellate court hears a case, it may: Answer Selected Answer: d. All the above are correct. Correct Answer: d. All the above are correct. Question 14 0 out of 2. 5 points In order for a federal court to have jurisdiction, there must be a federa l question involved and at least $75,000 in dispute.Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: False Question 15 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Generally, mandatory arbitration provisions in a contract are valid. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 16 0 out of 2. 5 points The President has the power to remove the chairperson of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, an independent federal administrative agency, if the President disagrees with the chairperson's actions. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: False Question 17 0 out of 2. 5 points Because of the concept of stare decisis, the U. S.Supreme Court, in interpreting a statute in 2009, will necessarily interpret certain statutory language in the same way as the U. S. Supreme Court interpreted the same statutory language in 1971. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: False Question 18 0 out of 2. 5 points If the title of an appellate court case appears as Jones v. Smith: Answer Selected Answer: d. Smith won the trial court decision. Correct Answer: a. you cannot determine which party is the plaintiff, because when a defendant loses a trial and files an appeal, some courts (but not all) reverse the names of the parties.Question 19 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Henry David Thoreau felt that war was unjust and therefore refused to pay his taxes when the United States declared war on Mexico. If Henry David Thoreau's neighbor agreed that war was unjust but paid his taxes because the law required him to pay the tax, the neighbor would be applying the jurisprudence theory of: Answer Selected Answer: b. Legal Positivism. Correct Answer: b. Legal Positivism. Question 20 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The federal judicial branch of the U. S. government: Answer Selected Answer: a. interprets statutes. Correct Answer: a. nterprets statutes. Question 1 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Tariffs are generally higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answ er: True Question 2 0 out of 2. 5 points Ad valorem duty is based on the fair market value of the imported good as of the date it reaches the United States, not the price actually paid for the good when sold for export to the United States. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: False Question 3 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Which of the following statements about torts is correct? Answer Selected Answer: c.A tortious act may also be a criminal act. Correct Answer: c. A tortious act may also be a criminal act. Question 4 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Shortly after Brian started to work at Trevit, Inc. , a co-worker, Ann, began asking him out. Brian said no. Nevertheless, Ann persisted. One day Ann playfully, but intentionally touched Brian â€Å"below the belt. † Which statement is correct? Answer Selected Answer: d. Ann committed the tort of battery. Correct Answer: d. Ann committed the tort of battery. Question 5 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Don was standing in a cafeteria line holdin g a plate.Tim was upset with Don. Tim turned Don around and grabbed the plate out of Don's hand. Tim then held the plate up and threatened to break it over Don's head. Tim has committed: Answer Selected Answer: c. both an assault and a battery. Correct Answer: c. both an assault and a battery. Question 6 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Silas asks his friend Shelby to come to his property to go fishing at his pond. If he fails to warn her that the dock has a rotten spot and she falls through and is injured, Silas would be held liable in most states. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 7 . 5 out of 2. 5 points A sports fan, injured by a hockey puck that flew into the stands during an NHL game, would be subject to the defense of assumption of the risk in a suit to recover for her injuries. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 8 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Which of the following statements is correct? Answer Selected Answer: d. White-collar crime results in a greater monetary loss to society than violent street crime. Correct Answer: d. White-collar crime results in a greater monetary loss to society than violent street crime. Question 9 0 out of 2. 5 pointsEric was charged with attempted murder. His defense was that he was insane at the time of the act. A jury accepted Eric's defense. Eric will: Answer Selected Answer: b. have to be committed to a mental hospital until he regains his sanity, at which time he will be retried. Correct Answer: a. probably be committed to a mental hospital and when that hospital determines he is no longer a danger to society, he will be released. Question 10 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The Theft of Honest Services statute: Answer Selected Answer: b. prohibits both public and private employees from taking bribes or kickbacks.Correct Answer: b. prohibits both public and private employees from taking bribes or kickbacks. Question 11 0 out of 2. 5 points Kelley went ice skating on a neighbor’s pond, bu t she fell through a thin area into icy waters. Kelley did not have permission to be on the property, and the neighbor did not even know that she was there. Is the neighbor liable for Kelley’s injuries? Answer Selected Answer: c. No. Kelley was a trespasser and the neighbor could only be held liable for intentionally injuring her or for gross misconduct. Correct Answer: a. It may depend on Kelley’s age.Question 12 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points A customer in a restaurant would be considered ________ to whom the restaurant owner owes a duty ________. Answer Selected Answer: b. an invitee; of reasonable care. Correct Answer: b. an invitee; of reasonable care. Question 13 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Negligence concerns harm that: Answer Selected Answer: b. arises by accident. Correct Answer: b. arises by accident. Question 14 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points A tort is a violation of a duty imposed by the civil law. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 15 2. 5 out of 2. 5 pointsA salesclerk at Braybon's Department Store observed a customer remove a ring from a display case and put it in her purse. In most states, Braybon's will be able to detain the customer for suspicion of shoplifting. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 16 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points There is only one valid reason to punish criminals — deterrence. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Question 17 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Criminal defendants have the right to a lawyer at all the important stages of the criminal process. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: TrueQuestion 18 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points In Marubeni America Corp. v. United States, the federal appellate court ruled that the Nissan Pathfinder was, for tariff classification purposes a motor vehicle for the transport of passengers. The classification of goods is significant because: Answer Selected Answer: c. the tariffs will vary depending on the classification. Correct Answer: c. the tariffs will vary depending on the classification. Question 19 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The United States has agreed to which of the following? Answer Selected Answer: d. All of the above. Correct Answer: d. All of the above.Question 20 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Hardhat Machine Company sold goods to Irish Eyes Company of Northern Ireland. Big Bank issued a letter of credit on behalf of Irish Eyes and the letter was given to Hardhat. The documents required by the letter of credit are presented to the bank for payment while the goods are still in transit. Is Hardhat entitled to be paid? Answer Selected Answer: a. Yes, the letter of credit is a promise by the bank to pay when certain documents are presented. Correct Answer: a. Yes, the letter of credit is a promise by the bank to pay when certain documents are presented.

Compare and Contrast the Ways in Which Shakespeare and Webster Present Hamlet and Bosola as Tragic Heroes. Essay

Bosola from Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi and Hamlet from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, both present elements of Aristotle’s model of the tragic hero; through both of the characters, Shakespeare and Webster use the features of the tragic hero to engage Elizabethan and Jacobean audiences in an exploration of issues linked to the Renaissance, religion and philosophy. This essay will explore how the playwrights present the tragic flaws in their heroes’ character and how they face struggles due to their inner conflict and may exhibit villainous behavior but are not complete tyrants. Greek philosopher Aristotle recorded his ideas about tragedy dramas and the ‘tragic hero’ in his noted book of literary theory titled Poetics (335 BCE), the book was rediscovered during the Renaissance and became commonly used as a playwriting manual. Aristotle stated that the tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness but although they are seen as pre-emin ently great, they are not perfect. The tragic hero’s downfall will come down to being mainly of their own doing through the result of free choice rather than accident or villainy or some other malevolent fate. Aristotle characterised the tragic hero as displaying hamartia which is usually translated as tragic flaw. There is also some increase in awareness and a sense of discovery upon the part of the tragic hero. Hamlet’s biggest flaw in character is that he over philosophises and delays killing Claudius up until it is too late for his family and himself. After he decides Claudius is guilty of murdering his father, he still relents from taking his revenge, he says â€Å"Haste me to know ‘t, that I, with wings as swift/ As meditation or the thought of love/ May sweep to my revenge.† (Act I, scene V). This quote displays Hamlet’s deep desire for revenge, the words are powerful and using words such as ‘swift’ gives the impression that he will not delay in taking action sugge sting that he is ready, however the juxtaposing simile embedded within the quote is soft and suggests Hamlet’s cogitating over thoughts of love possibly his love for Ophelia, ‘meditation’ also implies that he dwells in deep thought. Hamlet procrastinates a lot throughout the play; Smith says that â€Å"due to his brooding and introspective nature, he often wrangles with language to help him understand a reality where he has little control. Hamlet’s famous â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy questions the righteousness of life over death in moral terms and discusses the many possible reasons for either living or dying†, this does however  show the audience Hamlet’s humanity, Shakespeare can also use his character to engage with the prevalent philosophical ideas during the Renaissance period; Judkins states that â€Å"the Renaissance embraces a series of religious, economic, and political changes which ripple into areas of science, literature, and philosophy†, at a time of change and new ideas many writers such as Shakespeare would have been interested in the ideas explored during the Renaissance and so create characters to reflect it. One example of Hamlet’s dilemma ref lecting the debates in Elizabethan society, is linked to morality and law; Hamlet finds himself torn between his desire for revenge but also his philosophizing over the futility of life; J. J. Lawlor argues that â€Å"the avenger delays, not from despair or indecision which are finally rejected in favour of the duty of revenge, but†¦ because there is a scruple about revenge itself†. Hence, Hamlet’s scrupling reflects a man trapped in changing times between the Medieval Age when bloody revenge was accepted and the Tudor era of legal reformation where private revenge was outlawed. Bosola also shows internal conflict which could imply that he fits Aristotle’s model of the tragic hero, however it is shown more through his asides rather than soliloquies as shown in Hamlet. Bosola is very bitter towards the system and the way the country is ruled, with those above him abusing their power; but still he continues to carry out his ways, due to his greed ‘poisoning’ his morals, it can be said he is plagued by his own melancholy and will only debate the consequences afterwards. Boas suggests that â€Å"the tragic hero is made to feel him-self caught in a situation over which he has little control but in which he must make some decision, however futile. But the unhappy out-come always emerges from his decision. He must choose and cannot choose we ll†, so although Bosola chooses to avenge the duchess he kills her, her children, Antonio and himself in the process. It could also be said that Bosola fails to redeem himself because his actions are driven by revenge, after he kills the Cardinal and Ferdinand he says, â€Å"Now my revenge is perfect. Sink, thou main cause/ Of my undoing! The last part of my life/ Hath done me best service† (Act V, Scene, V). Like Shakespeare, Webster’s presentation of inner conflict in his protagonist also seems to suggest that the path of private retribution is complex and will lead to destruction. Bosola does also come to terms with his fate; â€Å"existential nihilists claim that, to be honest, one must face the absurdity  of existence, that he/she will eventually die† (Unknown Author). Bosola states that people are merely the â€Å"stars tennis balls† (Act V, Scene IV) that a person’s fate is already mapped out and everything is inevitable so Bosola feels like a victim of circumstance. John F Buckingham states that perhaps there is also an â€Å"etymological significance in Webster’s adjustment of the source name, ‘Bozola’ to a new spelling that references the word ‘Bossola’; Italian for a mariner‘s compass, pointing up the irony that Bosola‘s own final journey is directionless, away from justice†. It could be said that Hamlet also comes to terms with his fate and carries it upon his shoulders like a burden. â€Å"The time is out of joint: O cursed spite, that ever I was born to set it right!† (Act I, Scene V), here it could be said that Hamlet indisputably feels that he was born to avenge his father’s death, thus he vows to dedicate his life to vengeance. In the final scene Hamlet realizes that a person should be ready to accept the undeniable fact that death will come; Hamlet says to Horatio, â€Å"There’s special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ‘tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come. The readiness is all† (Act V, Scene II). Both Hamlet and Bosola show villainous behaviour, but it can be argued that they aren’t in fact completely evil. Hamlet soon finds himself acting upon passion and is â€Å"at least at crucial moments of his experience, passion’s slave, as in his castigation of Ophelia and, more tragically, in his murder of her father† (Allan). Hamlet is not a bad person yet the pressure and intensity of his vengeance tears away at him; he finds himself acting sometimes rashly and uncertainly, and in the case of Polonius’ murder, he does not initially show any signs of remorse as he looks down on him calling him a â€Å"wretched, rash, intruding fool† (Act III, Scene IV), which suggests he is almost saying it is Polonius’ fault for getting involved and does not take responsibility. Hamlet’s actions are caused by his desire to avenge his father the old king Hamlet who was murdered by his brother Claudius and so it could be argued that had Hamlet not known that Claudius murdered his father, he would not have carried out the murders and would therefore not be villainous, as Hamlet was loved by the people and was known to be a smart scholar who went to university. Shakespeare uses Ophelia to reflect these views when she says, â€Å"O what a noble mind is here o’erthrown† (Act III, Scene I). Hamlet did not intend on  hurting his loved ones in the beginning and should not be seen as ‘evil’ as his aims were to only avenge his father. Allan comments that, â€Å"violence of word and deed do not come naturally to [Hamlet’s] reflective and moral temperament†. On the other hand, critic Augustus Schlegel argues that â€Å"[Hamlet] has a natural inclination for crooked ways; he is a hypocrite towards himself; his far-fetched scruples are often mere pretexts to cover up his want of determination†, this suggests that Hamlet is just as Machiavellian as Claudius but this reading would be too simple, and doe s not consider the impact of Hamlet’s humanity which is evident in his delay and conflicting thoughts. Bosola however is more entangled in Machiavellian scheming, serving the Duchess’ brothers, the Cardinal and Ferdinand, and so it could be said that he is not in fact a villain but instead just a working man. Bosola refers to himself as their â€Å"creature† (Act I, Scene I) with its connotations of unthinking, loyalty and inhumanity, Bosola carries out their deeds for his own material gain seemingly regardless of his morals most likely due to his bitterness and discontent with social structure and other existing conditions. Bosola is a key part of the plot and acts as a spy and a murderer but although it was his choice to have this way of life, in the end he stands for his beliefs. Bosola has already been to prison which implies he is criminal, but during his asides, it is evident that he is not an evil assailant but a man doing a job, â€Å"For the good deed you have done me, I must do all the ill man can invent†. He recognizes the consequences of his actions and feels remorse, for example, when Bosola is ordered to kill the Duchess, he cannot face her as his true self due to his sympathy towards her and so he disguises himself; C. G. Thayer states that â€Å"having caused the Duchess so much agony already, [Bosola] cannot now bear to have her recognize him as he comes to supervise her murder, or, more simply, that he is ashamed to appear in his own shape†. This idea of the counterfeit shape links to Machiavellian ideas but also links to his own sense of morality and feeling towards the Duchess and Antonio and his shame for how he is ruining their family and lives. Bosola cannot be seen to be a villain completely as at the end of play he plans to kill the Cardinal for making him kill all those people and for committing crimes, hoping to help save Antonio, and although he kills Antonio accidently, he did change his ways and tried to help, this is an excellent example of how Bosola resembles the tragic hero  figure. In conclusion it is clear that Hamlet fits the model of the tragic hero and it is evident that Bosola also fits the characteristics of a tragic hero. Smith describes Hamlet as â€Å"the quintessential tragic hero. Not only does he begin with the noblest motivations but by the end, his situation is so dire that the only plausible final act should be his death†. If we consider Bosola as the malcontent of the play, the audience can see he tends to view things cynically, and makes numerous critical comments on the nature of Renaissance society. Bell states that â€Å"Bosola also acts as a choric figure at regular intervals during the play and he often makes judgements on the other characters and the series of events†. However despite these more seemingly malcontent traits, it is evident that he can also be seen as a figure resembling the tragic hero. Hamlet and Bosola both display a tragic flaw in character, both display villainous behavior yet it is clear that they both have a sense of morality, neither character realize the right thing to do until the end of both plays and so fail to attain happiness. Shakespeare and W ebster both use the traits of the tragic hero to engage in and explore topics which were being challenged and revamped by the discoveries of the Renaissance period. Bibliography Allan, Phillip. Hamlet: Phillip Allan Literature Guide for A-Level. Hodder Education: Oxford shire, 2011. Bell, Millicent. Hamlet, Revenge! The Hudson Review, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Summer, 1998), pp. 310-328. Boas, George. The Evolution of the Tragic Hero. The Carleton Drama Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, Greek Tragedy (1955 – 1956), pp. 5-21. Buckingham, John F. The Dangerous Edge of Things: John Webster’s Bosola in Context & Performance, 2011. Judkins, David. Life in Renaissance England [Online] available at: Lawlor, J.J. The Tragic Conflict in Hamlet. The Review of English Studies. R.E.S New Series, Vol 1, No. 2, 1950. Schelegel, Augustus William. Criticisms on Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet. Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London, 1846. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. Norton and Company: New York, 1992, pp. 155-7. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Hamlet†. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Smith, Nicole. Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a Tragic Hero [Online] av ailable at: Thayer, C. G. The Ambiguity of Bosola. Studies in Philology, Vol. 54, No.2 (Apr., 1957), pp. 162-171. (Unknown Author) Nihilism [Online] available at: Webster, John. â€Å"The Duchess of Malfi†. London: Methuen drama, 2001.